World History Timeline List
World
Korea
Major
| Date | Timelines |
|---|---|
 39000 BC | Laschamp event |
| The Laschamps event was a geomagnetic excursion (a short reversal of the Earth's magnetic field). It occurred 41,400 years ago, during the end of the Last Glacial Period. It is known from geomagnetic anomalies discovered in the 1960s in the Laschamps lava flows in Clermont-Ferrand, France.
* Date : 39000 BC | |
| 38000 BC | Neanderthal extinction |
| Neanderthals became extinct around 40,000 years ago. This timing, based on research published in Nature in 2014, is much earlier than previous estimates, and derives from improved radiocarbon-dating methods analyzing 40 sites from Spain to Russia.Evidence for continued Neanderthal presence in the Iberian Peninsula 37,000 years ago was published in 2017.
* Date : 38000 BC | |
| 38000 BC | Homo sapiens sapiens |
| DNA analyses conducted since 2007 revealed the acceleration of evolution with regards to defenses against disease, skin color, nose shapes, hair color and type, and body shape since about 40,000 years ago, continuing a trend of active selection since humans emigrated from Africa 100,000 years ago.
* Date : 38000 BC | |
| 37280 BC | Campanian Ignimbrite eruption |
| The most recent dating determines the eruption event at 39,280±110 years BP and results of 3D ash dispersion modelling published in 2012 concluded a dense-rock equivalent (DRE) of 181–265 km3 (43–64 cu mi) and emissions dispersed over an area of around 3,700,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi).
* Date : 37280 BC | |
| 31000 BC | Mono Lake excursion? |
| Extensive sampling has revealed a new feature of the Mono Lake geomagnetic excursion.
* Date : 31000 BC | |
| 26500 BC | Oruanui eruption |
| The Oruanui eruption of New Zealand's Taupo Volcano, was the world's most recent supereruption, which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 8. It is one of the largest eruptions in the history of New Zealand. It occurred at about 26,500 BCE in the Late Pleistocene and generated approximately 430 km3 (100 cu mi) of pyroclastic fall deposits, 320 km3 (77 cu mi) of pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposits (mostly ignimbrite) and 420 km3 (100 cu mi) of primary intracaldera material, equivalent to 530 km3 (130 cu mi) of magma, totaling 1,170 km3 (280 cu mi) of total deposits.
* Date : 26500 BC | |
| 24500 BC | Last Glacial Maximum |
| The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Late Glacial Maximum, was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period that ice sheets were at their greatest extent. Ice sheets covered much of North America, Northern Europe, and Asia and profoundly affected Earth's climate by causing drought, desertification, and a large drop in sea levels. According to Clark et al., growth of ice sheets commenced 33,000 years ago and maximum coverage was between 26,500 years and 19–20,000 years ago, when deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere, causing an abrupt rise in sea level.
* Date : 24500 BC ~ 17000 BC | |
| 13000 BC | Domestication of the dog |
| One of the most important transitions in human history was the domestication of animals, which began with the long-term association between wolves and hunter–gatherers more than 30,000 years ago. The dog was the first species and the only large carnivore to have been domesticated. The archaeological record and genetic analysis show the remains of the Bonn-Oberkassel dog buried beside humans 14,200 years ago to be the first undisputed dog, with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago.
* Date : 13000 BC | |
| 10930 BC | Laacher eruption |
| Laacher See, also known as Lake Laach or Laach Lake, is a volcanic caldera lake with a diameter of 2 km (1.2 mi) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, about 24 km (15 mi) northwest of Koblenz and 37 km (23 mi) south of Bonn, and is closest to the town of Andernach situated 8 km (5.0 mi) to the east on the river Rhine. It is in the Eifel mountain range, and is part of the East Eifel volcanic field within the larger Volcanic Eifel. The lake was formed by a Plinian eruption approximately 13,000 years BP with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6, on the same scale as the Pinatubo eruption of 1991.
* Date : 10930 BC | |
| 10900 BC | Younger Dryas |
| The Younger Dryas is a geological period from c. 12,900 to c. 11,700 calendar years ago (BP). It is named after an indicator genus, the alpine-tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala. Leaves of Dryas octopetala are occasionally abundant in the Late Glacial, often minerogenic-rich, like the lake sediments of Scandinavian lakes. The Younger Dryas saw a sharp decline in temperature over most of the northern hemisphere, at the end of the Pleistocene epoch, immediately preceding the current warmer Holocene.
* Date : 10900 BC ~ 9700 BC | |
| 10500 BC | Megafaunal extinction |
| However, the great majority of species were extinguished, extirpated or experienced severe population contractions between 13,000 BCE and 9,000 BCE, ending with the Younger Dryas.
* Date : 10500 BC | |
| 10000 BC | Domestication of the goat |
| The goat or domestic goat (Capra hircus) is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (C. aegagrus) of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the animal family Bovidae and the tribe Caprini, meaning it is closely related to the sheep. There are over 300 distinct breeds of goat. It is one of the oldest domesticated species of animal, according to archaeological evidence that its earliest domestication occurred in Iran at 10,000 calibrated calendar years ago.
* Date : 10000 BC | |
| 9700 BC | Neolithic Revolution |
| Archaeological data indicates that the domestication of various types of plants and animals happened in separate locations worldwide, starting in the geological epoch of the Holocene 11,700 years ago. It was the world's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture. The Neolithic Revolution greatly narrowed the diversity of foods available, resulting in a downturn in the quality of human nutrition compared with that obtained previously from foraging.
* Date : 9700 BC | |
| 9650 BC | Holocene |
| The Holocene is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years before present, after the last glacial period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1. It is considered by some to be an interglacial period within the Pleistocene Epoch, called the Flandrian interglacial.
* Date : 9650 BC | |
| 9600 BC | Göbekli Tepe |
| Göbekli Tepe 'Potbelly Hill' in Turkish, is an archaeological site atop a mountain ridge in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of modern-day Turkey, approximately 12 km (7 mi) northeast of the city of Şanlıurfa. The tell has a height of 15 m (49 ft) and is about 300 m (984 ft) in diameter. It is approximately 760 m (2,493 ft) above sea level. The tell includes two phases of ritual use dating back to the 10th–8th millennium BCE. During the first phase, pre-pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), circles of massive T-shaped stone pillars were erected, the world's oldest known megaliths.
* Date : 9600 BC ~ 8200 BC | |
| 9000 BC | Domestication of the sheep |
| The history of the domestic sheep goes back to between 11,000 and 9,000 BC, and the domestication of the wild mouflon in ancient Mesopotamia. Sheep are among the first animals to have been domesticated by humans. These sheep were primarily raised for meat, milk, and skins. Woolly sheep began to be developed around 6000 BC. They were then imported to Africa and Europe via trading.
* Date : 9000 BC | |
| 9000 BC | Domestication of the pig |
| Archaeological evidence suggests that pigs were domesticated from wild boar in the Near East in the Tigris Basin, Çayönü, Cafer Höyük, Nevalı Çori being managed in the wild in a way similar to the way they are managed by some modern New Guineans. Remains of pigs have been dated to earlier than 11,400 years ago in Cyprus. Those animals must have been introduced from the mainland, which suggests domestication in the adjacent mainland by then. Pigs were separately domesticated in China beginning 8,000 years ago, and have been one of the most important domesticated animals there ever since.
* Date : 9000 BC | |
| 8000 BC | Jericho |
| Jericho is a city in the Palestinian Territories and is located near the Jordan River in the West Bank. It is believed to be one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world and the city with the oldest known protective wall in the world.
* Date : 8000 BC | |
| 8000 BC | Domestication of the cow |
| Around 10,500 years ago, taurine cattle were domesticated from as few as 80 wild aurochs progenitors in central Anatolia, the Levant and Western Iran. A separate domestication event occurred in the Indian subcontinent, which gave rise to zebu. In 2009, cattle became one of the first livestock animals to have a fully mapped genome.
* Date : 8000 BC | |
| 7500 BC | Domestication of the cat |
| It was long thought that cat domestication began in ancient Egypt, where cats were venerated from around 3100 BC, but recent advances in archaeology and genetics have shown that their domestication occurred in the Near East around 7500 BC.
* Date : 7500 BC | |
| 7000 BC | Çatalhöyük |
| Çatalhöyük (Turkish pronunciation: [tʃaˈtaɫhøjyk]; also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük; from Turkish çatal 'fork' + höyük 'mound') was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC. In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
* Date : 7000 BC | |
| 6500 BC | Ubaid period |
| The Ubaid period (ca. 6500 to 3800 BCE) is a prehistoric period of Mesopotamia. The name derives from Tell al-`Ubaid where the earliest large excavation of Ubaid period material was conducted initially by Henry Hall and later by Leonard Woolley.
* Date : 6500 BC ~ 3800 BC | |
| 6200 BC | 8.2 kiloyear event |
| The 8.2 kiloyear event is the term that climatologists have adopted for a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BCE, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries. Milder than the Younger Dryas cold spell that preceded it, but more severe than the Little Ice Age that would follow, the 8.2 kiloyear cooling was a significant exception to general trends of the Holocene climatic optimum. During the event, atmospheric methane concentration decreased by 80 ppb or an emission reduction of 15%, by cooling and drying at a hemispheric scale.
* Date : 6200 BC | |
| 6200 BC | Xinglongwa culture |
| The Xinglongwa culture (興隆洼文化) (6200-5400 BC) was a Neolithic culture in northeastern China, found mainly around the Inner Mongolia-Liaoning border. Xinglongwa pottery was primarily cylindrical, and baked at low temperatures.
* Date : 6200 BC ~ 5400 BC | |
| 6000 BC | Domestication of the chicken |
| Exactly when and where the chicken was domesticated remains a controversial issue. Genomic studies estimate that the chicken was domesticated 8,000 years ago in Southeast Asia and spread to China and India 2,000 to 3,000 years later. Archaeological evidence supports domestic chickens in Southeast Asia well before 6000 BC, China by 6000 BC and India by 2000 BC.
* Date : 6000 BC | |
| 5677 BC | Mount Mazama volcanic eruption |
| Mount Mazama is a stratovolcano in the Oregon segment of the Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascade Range located in the United States. The volcano's collapsed caldera holds Crater Lake, and the entire mountain is located within Crater Lake National Park. Its caldera was created by an eruption 42 times greater than the one of Mount St. Helens in 1980. Mazama's summit was destroyed by a volcanic eruption that occurred around 5677 BC, ± 150 years.
* Date : 5677 BC | |
| 5000 BC | Domestication of the donkey |
| The donkey is a domesticated equine. It derives from the African wild ass, Equus africanus, and may be classified either as a subspecies thereof, Equus africanus asinus, or as a separate species, Equus asinus. It was domesticated in Africa some 5000–7000 years ago, and has been used mainly as a working animal since that time.
* Date : 5000 BC | |
| 5000 BC | Yangshao culture |
| The Yangshao culture was a Neolithic culture that existed extensively along the Yellow River in China. It is dated from around 5000 BC to 3000 BC.
* Date : 5000 BC ~ 3000 BC | |
| 4700 BC | Hongshan culture |
| The Hongshan culture (simplified Chinese: 红山文化; traditional Chinese: 紅山文化; pinyin: Hóngshān wénhuà) was a Neolithic culture in northeastern China. Hongshan sites have been found in an area stretching from Inner Mongolia to Liaoning, and dated from about 4700 to 2900 BC.
* Date : 4700 BC ~ 2900 BC | |
| 4000 BC | Uruk period |
| The Uruk period (ca. 4000 to 3100 BC) existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following the Ubaid period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period. Named after the Sumerian city of Uruk, this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia. It was followed by the Sumerian civilization.
* Date : 4000 BC ~ 3100 BC | |
| 3500 BC | Domestication of the horse |
| How and when horses became domesticated is disputed. The clearest evidence of early use of the horse as a means of transport is from chariot burials dated c. 2000 BCE. However, an increasing amount of evidence supports the hypothesis that horses were domesticated in the Eurasian Steppes approximately 3500 BCE; recent discoveries in the context of the Botai culture suggest that Botai settlements in the Akmola Province of Kazakhstan are the location of the earliest domestication of the horse.
* Date : 3500 BC | |
| 3500 BC | Yamna culture |
| The Yamna or Yamnaya culture, also called Pit Grave Culture and Ochre Grave Culture, was a late Copper Age/early Bronze Age culture of the Southern Bug/Dniester/Ural region (the Pontic steppe), dating to 3,500 ~ 2,300 BCE. The Yamna culture is identified with the late Proto Indo Europeans, and is the strongest candidate for the Urheimat (homeland) of the Proto Indo European language.
* Date : 3500 BC ~ 2300 BC | |
| 3300 BC | Liangzhu culture |
| The Liangzhu culture or civilization (3300–2300 BC) was the last Chinese Neolithic jade culture in the Yangtze River Delta. The culture was highly stratified, as jade, silk, ivory and lacquer artifacts were found exclusively in elite burials, while pottery was more commonly found in the burial plots of poorer individuals. This division of class indicates that the Liangzhu period was an early state, symbolized by the clear distinction drawn between social classes in funeral structures. A pan-regional urban center had emerged at the Liangzhu site in northwestern Hangzhou, Zhejiang, and elite groups from this site presided over the local centers. The Liangzhu culture was extremely influential and its sphere of influence reached as far north as Shanxi and as far south as Guangdong. The primary Liangzhu site was perhaps among the oldest Neolithic sites in East Asia that would be considered a state society.
* Date : 3300 BC ~ 2300 BC | |
| 3114/08/13 BC | Maya calendar |
| According to the correlation between the Long Count and Western calendars accepted by the great majority of Maya researchers (known as the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson, or GMT, correlation), this starting-point is equivalent to August 11, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or 6 September in the Julian calendar (−3113 astronomical).
* Date : 3114/08/13 BC | |
| 3102/02/17 BC | Kali Yuga |
| According to Puranic sources, Krishna's departure marks the end of Dvapara Yuga and the start of Kali Yuga, which is dated to 17/18 February 3102 BCE.
* Date : 3102/02/17 BC | |
| 3100 BC | Jemdet Nasr period |
| The Jemdet Nasr Period is an archaeological culture in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). It is generally dated from 3100–2900 BC. It is named after the type site Tell Jemdet Nasr, where the assemblage typical for this period was first recognized. Its geographical distribution is limited to south-central Iraq. The culture of the proto-historical Jemdet Nasr period is a local development out of the preceding Uruk period and continues into the Early Dynastic I period.
* Date : 3100 BC ~ 2900 BC | |
| 3100 BC | Menes |
| Menes (/ˈmiːniːz/; Egyptian: mnj, probably pronounced */maˈnij/; Ancient Greek: Μήνης; Arabic: مينا) was a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period of ancient Egypt credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt and as the founder of the First Dynasty.
* Date : 3100 BC | |
| 3100 BC | Early Dynastic Period (Egypt) |
| The Archaic or Early Dynastic Period of Egypt immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt c. 3100 BC. It is generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties, lasting from the Naqada III archaeological period until about 2686 BC, or the beginning of the Old Kingdom.
* Date : 3100 BC ~ 2686 BC | |
| 3100 BC | Indus Valley Civilisation |
| The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.
* Date : 3100 BC | |
| 3000 BC | Longshan culture |
| The Longshan (or Lung-shan) culture, also sometimes referred to as the Black Pottery Culture, was a late Neolithic culture in the middle and lower Yellow River valley areas of northern China from about 3000 to 1900 BC.
* Date : 3000 BC ~ 2000 BC | |
| 3000 BC | Minoan civilization |
| The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and other Aegean islands and flourished from approximately 3650 to 1400 BC. It belongs to a period of Greek history preceding both the Mycenaean civilization and Ancient Greece.
* Date : 3000 BC ~ 2160 BC | |
| 2900 BC | Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) |
| The Early Dynastic period (abbreviated ED period or ED) is an archaeological culture in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that is generally dated to approximately 2900–2350 BC. It was preceded by the Uruk period and Jemdet Nasr period, which saw the formation of the first states, the first cities and the invention of writing.
* Date : 2900 BC ~ 2334 BC | |
| 2686 BC | Old Kingdom of Egypt |
| The Old Kingdom is the name given to the period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization – the first of three so-called 'Kingdom' periods (followed by the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom) which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley.
* Date : 2686 BC ~ 2181 BC | |
| 2600 BC | Mohenjo-daro |
| Mohenjo-daro (Sindhi: موئن جو دڙو, Urdu: موئن جو دڑو, IPA: [muˑənⁱ dʑoˑ d̪əɽoˑ], lit. Mound of the Dead Men; English pronunciation: /moʊˌhɛn.dʒoʊ ˈdɑː.roʊ/) is an archeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Built around 2500 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley civilization, and one of the world's earliest major urban settlements, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Norte Chico.
* Date : 2600 BC | |
| 2600 BC | Harappa |
| Harappa (Punjabi pronunciation: [ɦəɽəppaː]; Urdu/Punjabi: ہڑپّہا) is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about 24 km (15 mi) west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River. The current village of Harappa is 6 km (3.7 mi) from the ancient site.
* Date : 2600 BC | |
| 2560 BC | Great Pyramid of Giza |
| The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC.
* Date : 2560 BC | |
| 2500 BC | Gilgamesh(?) |
| Gilgamesh (/ɡɪlˈɡɑːmɛʃ/; 𒄑𒂆𒈦, Gilgameš, originally Bilgamesh 𒄑𒉈𒂵𒈩) is the main character in the Epic of Gilgamesh, an Akkadian poem that is considered the first great work of literature, and in earlier Sumerian poems.
* Date : 2500 BC | |
 2333 BC | Gojoseon(?) |
| Gojoseon (Korean pronunciation: [kodʑosʰʌn]) was an ancient Korean kingdom. The addition of Go (고, 古), meaning 'ancient', distinguishes it from the other kingdoms called Joseon.
* Date : 2333 BC | |
| 2334 BC | Akkadian Empire |
| The Akkadian Empire was the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, also called Akkad in ancient Mesopotamia and Accad in the Bible (Genesis 10:10). The empire united all the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule. The Akkadian Empire controlled Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, Kuwait, northeast Syria and southeast Turkey), the Levant (modern Syria and Lebanon), and eastern and southern parts of Anatolia (modern Turkey) and Iran, sending military expeditions as far south as Dilmun and Meluhha (modern Bahrain and Oman) in the Arabian Peninsula.
* Date : 2334 BC ~ 2193 BC | |
| 2334 BC | Sargon of Akkad |
| Sargon of Akkad (Akkadian Šarru-ukīn or Šarru-kēn; sometimes known as 'Sargon the Great') was the first ruler of the Semitic-speaking Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.
* Date : 2334 BC ~ 2279 BC | |
| 2200 BC | 4.2 kiloyear event |
| The 4.2 kiloyear BP aridification event was one of the most severe climatic events of the Holocene period in terms of impact on cultural upheaval. Starting in about 2200 BC, it probably lasted the entire 22nd century BC. It is very likely to have caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt as well as the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia. The drought may have also initiated southeastward habitat tracking within the Indus Valley Civilization.
* Date : 2200 BC | |
| 2181 BC | First Intermediate Period of Egypt |
| The First Intermediate Period, often described as a 'dark period' in ancient Egyptian history, spanned approximately one hundred twenty-five years, from ca. 2181–2055 BC, after the end of the Old Kingdom. It included the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and part of the eleventh dynasties.
* Date : 2181 BC ~ 2055 BC | |
| 2160 BC | Minoan civilization |
| The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and other Aegean islands and flourished from approximately 3650 to 1400 BC. It belongs to a period of Greek history preceding both the Mycenaean civilization and Ancient Greece.
* Date : 2160 BC ~ 1650 BC | |
| 2112 BC | Third Dynasty of Ur |
| The Third Dynasty of Ur, also known as the Neo-Sumerian Empire, refers to both a 21st to 20th century BC (short chronology timeline) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state which some historians consider to have been a nascent empire. The Third Dynasty of Ur is commonly abbreviated as Ur III by historians studying the period.
* Date : 2112 BC ~ 2004 BC | |
| 2070 BC | Xia dynasty |
| The Xia dynasty (c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC) is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese history. It is described in ancient historical chronicles such as the Bamboo Annals, the Classic of History and the Records of the Grand Historian. According to tradition, the dynasty was established by the legendary Yu the Great after Shun, the last of the Five Emperors, gave his throne to him. The Xia was later succeeded by the Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BC).
* Date : 2070 BC ~ 1600 BC | |
| 2040 BC | Middle Kingdom of Egypt |
| The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (also known as The Period of Reunification) is the period in the history of ancient Egypt between circa 2050 BC and 1800 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the impulse of Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty. Some scholars also include the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt wholly into this period as well, in which case the Middle Kingdom would finish c. 1650, while others only include it until Merneferre Ay c. 1700 BC, last king of this dynasty to be attested in both Upper and Lower Egypt. During the Middle Kingdom period, Osiris became the most important deity in popular religion.
* Date : 2040 BC ~ 1782 BC | |
| 2004 BC | the fall of the Ur III Dynasty |
| With the fall of the Ur III Dynasty after an Elamite invasion in 2004/1940 BC (middle/short chronology respectively), Babylonia fell under foreign (Amorite) influence.
* Date : 2004 BC | |
| 2000 BC | Chariot |
| A chariot is a type of carriage driven by a charioteer, usually using horses to provide rapid motive power. The oldest known chariots have been found in burials of the Sintashta culture in modern-day Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, dated to c. 2000 BC.
* Date : 2000 BC | |
| 1894 BC | Babylonia |
| Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained at this time the minor city of Babylon. Babylon greatly expanded during the reign of Hammurabi in the first half of the 18th century BC, becoming a major capital city. During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was called Māt Akkadī 'the country of Akkad' in the Akkadian language.
* Date : 1894 BC ~ 1595 BC | |
| 1792 BC | Hammurabi |
| Hammurabi (c. 1810 BC - 1750 BC) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, reigning from 1792 BC to 1750 BC (according to the Middle Chronology). He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. He extended Babylon's control throughout Mesopotamia through military campaigns.
* Date : 1792 BC ~ 1750 BC | |
| 1782 BC | Second Intermediate Period of Egypt |
| The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as the period when the Hyksos made their appearance in Egypt and whose reign comprised the Fifteenth dynasty.
* Date : 1782 BC ~ 1570 BC | |
| 1720 BC | Hyksos |
| The Hyksos (/ˈhɪksɒs/ or /ˈhɪksoʊz/; Egyptian heqa khaseshet, 'ruler(s) of the foreign countries'; Ancient Greek: Ὑκσώς, Ὑξώς) were a people of mixed origins from Western Asia, who settled in the eastern Nile Delta, some time before 1650 BC. The arrival of the Hyksos led to the end of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt and initiated the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. In the context of Ancient Egypt, the term 'Asiatic' – which is often used of the Hyksos – may refer to any people native to areas east of Egypt.
* Date : 1720 BC ~ 1575 BC | |
| 1650 BC | Minoan civilization |
| The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and other Aegean islands and flourished from approximately 3650 to 1400 BC. It belongs to a period of Greek history preceding both the Mycenaean civilization and Ancient Greece. It was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Arthur Evans. Historian Will Durant dubbed the Minoans 'the first link in the European chain,' and their civilization has been referred to as the earliest of its kind in Europe.
* Date : 1650 BC ~ 1450 BC | |
| 1626 BC | Minoan eruption |
| The Minoan eruption of Thera, also referred to as the Thera eruption or Santorini eruption, was a major catastrophic volcanic eruption with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or 7 and a dense-rock equivalent (DRE) of 60 km3 (14 cu mi), Dated to the mid-second millennium BCE, the eruption was one of the largest volcanic events on Earth in recorded history.
* Date : 1626 BC | |
| 1600 BC | Mycenaean Greece |
| Mycenaean Greece (or Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase of the Bronze Age in Ancient Greece (c. 1600–1100 BC). It represents the first advanced civilization in mainland Greece, with its palatial states, urban organization, works of art and writing system.
* Date : 1600 BC ~ 1100 BC | |
| 1600 BC | Hittites |
| The Hittites were an Ancient Anatolian people who established an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC. This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Suppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Anatolia as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.
* Date : 1600 BC ~ 1178 BC | |
| 1600 BC | 카시트 |
| 동북방의 산악지대로부터 메소포타미아로 침입한 인도 ∙ 유럽계 민족. 바빌론 제1왕조의 멸망 후 B.C. 1550년 무렵부터 약 400년간 메소포타미아를 지배함(바빌론 제3왕조).
* Date : 1600 BC ~ 1155 BC | |
| 1600 BC | Shang dynasty |
| The Shang dynasty (Chinese: 商朝; pinyin: Shāng cháo) or Yin dynasty (殷代; Yīn dài), according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty. The classic account of the Shang comes from texts such as the Book of Documents, Bamboo Annals and Records of the Grand Historian. According to the traditional chronology based on calculations made approximately 2,000 years ago by Liu Xin, the Shang ruled from 1766 to 1122 BC, but according to the chronology based upon the 'current text' of Bamboo Annals, they ruled from 1556 to 1046 BC. The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project dated them from c. 1600 to 1046 BC.
* Date : 1600 BC ~ 1046 BC | |
| 1550 BC | The Exodus(?) |
| The Exodus (from Greek ἔξοδος exodos, 'going out') is the founding, or etiological, myth of Israel; its message is that the Israelites were delivered from slavery by Yahweh and therefore belong to him through the Mosaic covenant.
* Date : 1550 BC | |
| 1550 BC | New Kingdom of Egypt |
| The New Kingdom of Egypt, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. Radiocarbon dating places the exact beginning of the New Kingdom between 1570–1544 BC.
* Date : 1550 BC ~ 1077 BC | |
| 1504 BC | Thutmose III |
| Thutmose III (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis III, Thothmes in older history works, and meaning 'Thoth is born') was the sixth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
* Date : 1504 BC ~ 1450 BC | |
| 1500 BC | Indo-Aryan migration |
| The Indo-Aryan migrations started in approximately 1800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia.
* Date : 1500 BC | |
| 1290 BC | Ramesses II |
| Ramesses II (variously transliterated as 'Rameses' (/ˈræməsiːz/) or 'Ramses' (/ˈræmsiːz/ or /ˈræmziːz/); born c. 1303 BC; died July or August 1213 BC; reigned 1279–1213 BC), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire. His successors and later Egyptians called him the 'Great Ancestor'. Ramesses II led several military expeditions into the Levant, reasserting Egyptian control over Canaan. He also led expeditions to the south, into Nubia, commemorated in inscriptions at Beit el-Wali and Gerf Hussein.
* Date : 1290 BC ~ 1224 BC | |
| 1286 BC | Battle of Kadesh |
| The Battle of Kadesh (also Qadesh) took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II at the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River, just upstream of Lake Homs near the modern Syrian-Lebanese border.
* Date : 1286 BC | |
| 1250 BC | Trojan War |
| In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homer's Iliad.
* Date : 1250 BC | |
| 1206 BC | Late Bronze Age collapse |
| The Late Bronze Age collapse was a Dark Age transition period in the Aegean Region, Southwestern Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age that historians believe was violent, sudden and culturally disruptive. The palace economy of the Aegean Region and Anatolia that characterised the Late Bronze Age was replaced, after a hiatus, by the isolated village cultures of the Greek Dark Ages.
* Date : 1206 BC ~ 1150 BC | |
| 1175 BC | Battle of the Delta |
| The Battle of the Delta was a sea battle between Egypt and the Sea Peoples, circa 1175 BCE when the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses III repulsed a major sea invasion. The conflict occurred somewhere at the shores of the eastern Nile Delta and partly on the borders of the Egyptian Empire in Syria, although their precise locations are unknown.
* Date : 1175 BC | |
| 1150 BC | Olmec(?) |
| The Olmecs were the first major civilization in Guatemala and Mexico following a progressive development in Soconusco and modern southwestern pacific lowlands of Guatemala.
* Date : 1150 BC | |
| 1100 BC | Greek Dark Ages |
| The Greek Dark Age, also called Greek Dark Ages, Homeric Age (named for the fabled poet, Homer) or Geometric period (so called after the characteristic Geometric art of the time), is the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean palatial civilization around 1100 BC to the first signs of the Greek poleis, city states, in the 9th century BC.
* Date : 1100 BC ~ 800 BC | |
| 1069 BC | Third Intermediate Period of Egypt |
| The Third Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt begins with the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI in 1070 BC, ending the New Kingdom, and ends with the start of the Late Period, for which various points are offered, though it is most often regarded as dating from the foundation of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty by Psamtik I in 664 BC, following the expulsion of the Nubian rulers of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty by the Assyrians under King Assurbanipal.
* Date : 1069 BC ~ 665 BC | |
| 1046 BC | Zhou dynasty |
| The Zhou dynasty (Chinese: 周朝; pinyin: Zhōu cháo [ʈʂóu̯ ʈʂʰǎu̯]) was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty and preceded the Qin dynasty. Although the Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history, the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty, surnamed Ji (Chinese: 姬), lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as the Western Zhou.
* Date : 1046 BC ~ 256 BC | |
| 911 BC | Neo-Assyrian Empire |
| The Neo-Assyrian Empire was an Iron Age Mesopotamian empire, in existence between 911 and 612 BC. The Assyrians perfected early techniques of imperial rule, many of which became standard in later empires.
* Date : 911 BC ~ 612 BC | |
| 814 BC | Carthage |
| Carthage (/ˈkɑːrθɪdʒ/, from Latin: Carthāgō; Phoenician Qart-ḥadašt 'New City') was the centre or capital city of the ancient Carthaginian civilization, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now the Tunis Governorate in Tunisia. The city developed from a Phoenician colony into the capital of an empire dominating the Mediterranean Sea during the first millennium BC.
* Date : 814 BC | |
| 800 BC | Polis |
| Polis (/ˈpɒlᵻs/; Greek: πόλις pronounced [pólis]), plural poleis (/ˈpɒleɪz/, πόλεις [póleːs]) literally means city in Greek. It can also mean citizenship and body of citizens. In modern historiography, polis is normally used to indicate the ancient Greek city-states, like Classical Athens and its contemporaries, and thus is often translated as 'city-state'.
* Date : 800 BC | |
| 776 BC | The first Olympics |
| The first Olympics is traditionally dated to 776 BC. They continued to be celebrated when Greece came under Roman rule, until the emperor Theodosius I suppressed them in AD 393 as part of the campaign to impose Christianity as the State religion of Rome. The games were held every four years, or olympiad, which became a unit of time in historical chronologies.
* Date : 776 BC | |
| 771 BC | Eastern Zhou |
| The capital was moved eastward to Chengzhou, marking the end of the 'Western Zhou' (西周, p Xī Zhōu) and the beginning of the 'Eastern Zhou' dynasty (東周, p Dōng Zhōu).
* Date : 771 BC | |
| 770 BC | Spring and Autumn period |
| The Spring and Autumn period (simplified Chinese: 春秋时代; traditional Chinese: 春秋時代; pinyin: Chūnqiū Shídài) was a period in Chinese history from approximately 771 to 476 BC (or according to some authorities until 403 BC[a]) which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty. The period's name derives from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 479 BC, which tradition associates with Confucius.
* Date : 770 BC ~ 403 BC | |
| 753 BC | Founding of Rome |
| The founding of Rome can be investigated through archaeology, but traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth.
* Date : 753 BC | |
| 700 BC | Scythians |
| The Scythians (/ˈsɪθi.ən/ or /ˈsɪði.ən/; from Greek Σκύθης, Σκύθοι), also known as Scyth, Saka, Sakae, Sacae, Sai, Iskuzai, or Askuzai, were a large group of Iranian Eurasian nomads who were mentioned by the literate peoples surrounding them as inhabiting large areas in the central Eurasian steppes from about the 9th century BC until about the 1st century BC.
* Date : 700 BC | |
| 685 BC | Lydia |
| Lydia (Assyrian: Luddu; Greek: Λυδία, Turkish: Lidya) was an Iron Age kingdom of western Asia Minor located generally east of ancient Ionia in the modern western Turkish provinces of Uşak, Manisa and inland İzmir. Its population spoke an Anatolian language known as Lydian.
* Date : 685 BC ~ 547 BC | |
| 678 BC | Medes |
| The Medes (/miːdz/, Old Persian Māda-, Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι, Hebrew: מָדַי) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in an area known as Media (northwestern Iran) and who spoke the Median language. They mainly inhabited the mountainous area of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia and located in the Kermanshah-Hamadan (Ecbatana) region Their emergence in Iran is thought to have occurred between 1000 BC to around 900 BC.
* Date : 678 BC ~ 549 BC | |
| 664 BC | Saite Dynasty |
| The Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt (also written Dynasty XXVI or Dynasty 26) was the last native dynasty to rule Egypt before the Persian conquest in 525 BC (although others followed). The dynasty's reign (664–525 BC) is also called the Saite Period after the city of Sais, where its pharaohs had their capital, and marks the beginning of the Late Period of ancient Egypt.
* Date : 664 BC ~ 525 BC | |
| 626 BC | Neo-Babylonian Empire |
| The Neo-Babylonian Empire, also known as the Chaldean Empire, was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 626 BC and ended in 539 BC. During the preceding three centuries, Babylonia had been ruled by their fellow Akkadian speakers and northern neighbours, Assyria.
* Date : 626 BC ~ 539 BC | |
| 612 BC | Fall of Assyria |
| Upon the death of Ashurbanipal in 627 BC, the empire began to disintegrate due to a brutal and unremitting series of civil wars in Assyria proper. In 616 BC, Cyaxares king of the Medes and Persians made alliances with Nabopolassar ruler of the Babylonians and Chaldeans, and also the Scythians and Cimmerians against Assyria. At the Fall of Harran (609 BC) the Babylonians and Medes defeated an Assyrian-Egyptian alliance, after which Assyria largely ceased to exist as an independent state, although the Assyrian army and remnants of its administration continued to hold out around Carchemish until 605 BC, and around Dur-Katlimmu until perhaps as late as 599 BC.
* Date : 612 BC | |
| 600 BC | Axial Age |
| Axial Age (also Axis Age, from German: Achsenzeit) is a term coined by German philosopher Karl Jaspers after Victor von Strauß (1859) and Ernst von Lasaulx (1870) in the sense of a 'pivotal age' characterizing the period of ancient history during about the 8th to the 3rd century BC.
* Date : 600 BC ~ 401 BC | |
| 587 BC | Babylonian captivity |
| The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile is the period in Jewish history during which a number of Judahites of the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylonia.
* Date : 587 BC | |
| 583 BC | Zoroastrianism |
| With possible roots dating back to the second millennium BCE, Zoroastrianism enters recorded history in the 5th-century BCE, and along with a Mithraic Median prototype and a Zurvanist Sassanid successor it served as the state religion of the pre-Islamic Iranian empires from around 600 BCE to 650 CE.
* Date : 583 BC | |
| 550 BC | Achaemenid Empire |
| The Achaemenid Empire (/əˈkiːmənɪd/, from Old Persian Haxāmanišiya, c. 550–330 BC), also called the (First) Persian Empire,[11] was an empire based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the Great, it became larger than any empire previously seen in history.
* Date : 550 BC ~ 330 BC | |
| 544 BC | Buddha's death(?) |
| Gautama Buddha, also known as Siddhārtha Gautama, Shakyamuni Buddha, or simply the Buddha, after the title of Buddha, was an ascetic (śramaṇa) and sage, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in the eastern part of ancient India sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.
* Date : 544 BC | |
| 539 BC | Fall of Neo-Babylonian |
| The Neo-Babylonian period ended with the reign of Nabonidus in 539 BC. To the east, the Persians had been growing in strength, and eventually Cyrus the Great conquered the empire.
* Date : 539 BC | |
| 525 BC | Battle of Pelusium |
| The Battle of Pelusium, an important city in the eastern extremes of Egypt's Nile Delta, 30 km to the southeast of the modern Port Said, was the first major battle between the Achaemenid Empire and ancient Egypt. This decisive battle transferred the throne of the Pharaohs to Cambyses II of Persia, king of the Persians. It was fought near Pelusium in 525 BCE. The battle was preceded and followed by sieges at Gaza and Memphis.
* Date : 525 BC | |
| 509 BC | Roman Republic |
| The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana; Classical Latin: [ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na]) was the period of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.
* Date : 509 BC | |
| 507 BC | Athenian democracy |
| Athenian democracy developed around the fifth century BC in the Greek city-state (known as a polis) of Athens, comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica, and is the first known democracy in the world. Other Greek cities set up democracies, most following the Athenian model, but none are as well documented as Athens'.
* Date : 507 BC | |
| 499 BC | Greco-Persian Wars |
| The Greco-Persian Wars (also often called the Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC.
* Date : 499 BC ~ 450 BC | |
| 479 BC | Confucius |
| Confucius (/kənˈfjuːʃəs/; September 28, 551 – 479 BC) was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history.
* Date : 479 BC | |
| 477 BC | Delian League |
| The Delian League, founded in 477 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, members numbering between 150 173, to 330 under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.
* Date : 477 BC | |
| 461 BC | Pericles |
| Pericles (c. 495 – 429 BC) was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age—specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. He was descended, through his mother, from the powerful and historically influential Alcmaeonid family.
* Date : 461 BC ~ 429 BC | |
| 460 BC | First Peloponnesian War |
| The First Peloponnesian War (460–445 BC) was fought between Sparta as the leaders of the Peloponnesian League and Sparta's other allies, most notably Thebes, and the Delian League led by Athens with support from Argos. This war consisted of a series of conflicts and minor wars, such as the Second Sacred War. There were several causes for the war including the building of the Athenian long walls, Megara's defection and the envy and concern felt by Sparta at the growth of the Athenian Empire.
* Date : 460 BC ~ 445 BC | |
| 450 BC | Twelve Tables |
| According to Roman tradition, the Law of the Twelve Tables (Latin: Leges Duodecim Tabularum or Duodecim Tabulae) was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. The Tables consolidated earlier traditions into an enduring set of laws.
* Date : 450 BC | |
 440 BC | Herodotus《Histories》 |
| The Histories of Herodotus is considered the founding work of history in Western literature. Written in 440 BC in the Ionic dialect of classical Greek, The Histories serves as a record of the ancient traditions, politics, geography, and clashes of various cultures that were known in Western Asia, Northern Africa and Greece at that time.
* Date : 440 BC | |
| 431 BC | Peloponnesian War |
| The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.
* Date : 431 BC ~ 404 BC | |
| 430 BC | Plague of Athens |
| The Plague of Athens was an epidemic which devastated the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BCE) when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach. It is believed to have entered Athens through Piraeus, the city's port and sole source of food and supplies. Much of the eastern Mediterranean also saw outbreak of the disease, albeit with less impact. The plague returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/426 BC. Some 30 pathogens have been suggested as causing the plague.
* Date : 430 BC ~ 426 BC | |
| 404 BC | Province of Achaemenid Empire |
| The last pharaoh of the Twenty-Sixth dynasty, Psamtik III, was defeated by Cambyses II of Persia in the battle of Pelusium in the eastern Nile delta in May 525 BCE. Egypt was then joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the sixth satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. Thus began the first period of Persian rule over Egypt (also known as the 27th Dynasty), which ended around 402 BC.
* Date : 404 BC | |
| 403 BC | Warring States period |
| The Warring States period (Chinese: 戰國時代; pinyin: Zhànguó shídài) was an era in ancient Chinese history following the Spring and Autumn period and concluding with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire known as the Qin dynasty.
* Date : 403 BC ~ 221 BC | |
| 399 BC | Socrates |
| Socrates (/ˈsɒkrətiːz/; Greek: Σωκράτης [sɔːkrátɛːs], Sōkrátēs; 470/469 – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.
* Date : 399 BC | |
| 359 BC | The Book of Lord Shang |
| The Book of Lord Shang (Chinese: 商君書; pinyin: Shāng jūn shū) is an ancient Chinese text from the 3rd century BC, regarded as a foundational work of 'Chinese Legalism'.
* Date : 359 BC | |
| 338 BC | Battle of Chaeronea |
| The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in 338 BC, near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia, between the Macedonians led by Philip II of Macedon and an alliance of some of the Greek city-states including Athens and Thebes. The battle was the culmination of Philip's campaign in Greece (339–338 BC) and resulted in a decisive victory for the Macedonians.
* Date : 338 BC | |
| 336 BC | Alexander the Great |
| Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas Koine Greek: [a.lék.san.dros ho mé.gas] ), was a king (basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon[a] and a member of the Argead dynasty.
* Date : 336 BC ~ 323 BC | |
| 332 BC | Alexander, Conquest of Egypt |
| Alexander advanced on Egypt in later 332 BC, where he was regarded as a liberator. He was pronounced son of the deity Amun at the Oracle of Siwa Oasis in the Libyan desert.
* Date : 332 BC | |
| 330 BC | Alexander, Conquest of Persia |
| From Babylon, Alexander went to Susa, one of the Achaemenid capitals, and captured its treasury. He sent the bulk of his army to the Persian ceremonial capital of Persepolis via the Persian Royal Road.
* Date : 330 BC | |
| 322 BC | Maurya Empire |
| The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power founded by Chandragupta Maurya which dominated ancient India between c. 322 and 185 BCE. Originating from the kingdom of Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the eastern side of the Indian subcontinent, the empire had its capital city at Pataliputra (modern Patna).
* Date : 322 BC ~ 185 BC | |
| 312 BC | Seleucid Empire |
| The Seleucid Empire (/sɪˈljuːsɪd/; Ancient Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Σελευκιδῶν, Basileía tōn Seleukidōn) was a Hellenistic state ruled by the Seleucid dynasty, which existed from 312 BC to 63 BC; it was founded by Seleucus I Nicator following the division of the Macedonian empire vastly expanded by Alexander the Great.
* Date : 312 BC | |
| 306 BC | Antigonid dynasty |
| The Antigonid dynasty (/ænˈtɪɡoʊnɪd/; Greek: Ἀντιγονίδαι) was a dynasty of Hellenistic kings descended from Alexander the Great's general Antigonus I Monophthalmus ('the One-eyed').
* Date : 306 BC | |
| 305 BC | Ptolemaic dynasty |
| The Ptolemaic dynasty /ˌtɒləˈmeɪ.ᵻk/ (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖοι, Ptolemaioi), sometimes also known as the Lagids /ˈlædʒᵻdz/ or Lagidae /ˈlædʒᵻˌdiː/ (Ancient Greek: Λαγίδαι, Lagidai, after Lagus, Ptolemy I's father), was a Greek[1][2][3][4][5] royal family, originating from Macedon, which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Their rule lasted for 275 years, from 305 to 30 BC. They were the last dynasty of ancient Egypt.
* Date : 305 BC | |
| 300 BC | Establishment of Jin |
| The state of Jin was a confederacy of statelets which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC, bordering the Korean kingdom Gojoseon to the north.
* Date : 300 BC | |
| 272 BC | Roman conquest of Italy |
| The Roman conquest of Italy was the result of a series of conflicts in which the city-state of Rome grew from being the dominant state in Latium to become the ruler of all of Italy.
* Date : 272 BC | |
| 265 BC | Ashoka |
| Ashoka (IAST: Aśoka; English pronunciation: /əˈʃoʊkə/; died 232 BCE) was an ancient Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE.
* Date : 265 BC | |
| 264 BC | First Punic War |
| The First Punic War (264 to 241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic.
* Date : 264 BC ~ 241 BC | |
| 247 BC | Parthia |
| Parthia (Old Persian: 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺, Parθava, Parthian: 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅, Parθaw, Middle Persian: 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥, Pahlaw) is a historical region located in north-eastern Iran. It was the political and cultural base of the Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD).
* Date : 247 BC | |
| 221 BC | Qin dynasty |
| The Qin dynasty (Chinese: 秦朝; pinyin: Qín Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'in2 Ch'ao2) was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC.
* Date : 221 BC ~ 206 BC | |
| 218 BC | Second Punic War |
| The Second Punic War, also referred to as The Hannibalic War and (by the Romans) the War Against Hannibal, lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western and eastern Mediterranean.
* Date : 218 BC ~ 201 BC | |
| 214 BC | Great Wall of China |
| The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe. Especially famous is the wall built 220–206 BC by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China.
* Date : 214 BC | |
| 213 BC | Burning of books and burying of scholars |
| The burning of books and burying of scholars (simplified Chinese: 焚书坑儒; traditional Chinese: 焚書坑儒; pinyin: fénshū kēngrú) refers to the supposed burning of texts in 213 BC and live burial of 460 Confucian scholars in 210 BC by the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty of ancient China. The event caused the loss of many philosophical treatises of the Hundred Schools of Thought.
* Date : 213 BC | |
| 209 BC | Modu Chanyu became the Xiongnu ruler |
| Modu Chanyu (simplified Chinese: 冒顿单于; traditional Chinese: 冒頓單于; pinyin: Màodùn Chányú, Mongolian: Модунь, Modun; Баатар, Baatar), sometimes also transcribed as Maodun) who was born in circa 234 BC and died in 174 BC, was the fourth known Xiongnu ruler and the founder of the Xiongnu Empire. He became the Xiongnu ruler after he ordered the execution of his father Touman in 209 BC.
* Date : 209 BC | |
| 206 BC | Emperor Gaozu of Han |
| He won the race against fellow rebel leader Xiang Yu to invade the Qin heartland and forced the surrender of the last Qin emperor in 206 BC.
* Date : 206 BC | |
| 202 BC | Han dynasty |
| The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC–220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history.
* Date : 202 BC | |
| 194 BC | Wiman Joseon |
| Wiman Joseon (194–108 BC) was part of the Gojoseon period (2333 BC? - 108 BC) of Korean history. It began with Wiman's seizure of the throne from Gojoseon's King Jun and ended with the death of King Ugeo who was a grandson of Wiman.
* Date : 194 BC | |
| 168 BC | Fall of Macedonia |
| Macedonia's decline began with the rise of Rome until its ultimate subjection in 168 BC following the Macedonian Wars.
* Date : 168 BC | |
| 149 BC | Third Punic War |
| The Third Punic War (Latin: Tertium Bellum Punicum) (149–146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage and the Roman Republic. The Punic Wars were named because of the Roman name for Carthaginians: Punici, or Poenici.
* Date : 149 BC ~ 146 BC | |
| 141 BC | Emperor Wu of Han |
| Emperor Wu of Han (30 June 156 BC – 29 March 87 BC), born Liu Che, courtesy name Tong, was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of China, ruling from 141–87 BC. His reign lasted 54 years — a record not broken until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor more than 1,800 years later. His reign resulted in vast territorial expansion, development of a strong and centralized state resulting from his governmental re-organization, including his promotion of Confucian doctrines.
* Date : 141 BC ~ 87 BC | |
| 139 BC | Zhang Qian |
| Zhang Qian (Chinese: 張騫; d. 113 BC) was a Chinese official and diplomat who served as an imperial envoy to the world outside of China in the 2nd century BC, during the time of the Han dynasty.
* Date : 139 BC | |
| 133 BC | Han–Xiongnu War |
| The Han–Xiongnu War, also known as the Sino-Xiongnu War, was a series of military battles fought between the Chinese Han dynasty and the Xiongnu confederated state from 133 BC to 89 AD.
* Date : 133 BC | |
| 108 BC | Gojoseon–Han War |
| The Gojoseon–Han War was a campaign launched by the Chinese Han Dynasty against Wiman Joseon between 109 and 108 BC. It resulted in the fall of Gojoseon.
* Date : 108 BC | |
| 91 BC | Records of the Grand Historian |
| The Records of the Grand Historian (太史公書), now usually known as the Shǐjì (史記, 'The Scribe's Records'), is a monumental history of ancient China and the world finished around 94 BC by the Han dynasty official Sima Qian after having been started by his father, Sima Tan, Grand Astrologer to the imperial court. The work covers the world as it was then known to the Chinese and a 2500-year period from the age of the legendary Yellow Emperor to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in the author's own time.
* Date : 91 BC | |
| 73 BC | Third Servile War |
| The Third Servile War (73–71 BC), also called the Gladiator War and the War of Spartacus by Plutarch, was the last of a series of unrelated and unsuccessful slave rebellions against the Roman Republic, known collectively as the Roman Servile Wars.
* Date : 73 BC ~ 71 BC | |
| 66 BC | Pompey in the East |
| Pompey in the East: Third Mithridatic War, Syria and Judea
* Date : 66 BC ~ 63 BC | |
| 58 BC | Gallic Wars |
| The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes. Rome's war against the Gallic tribes lasted from 58 BC to 50 BC and culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul (mainly present-day France and Belgium).
* Date : 58 BC ~ 50 BC | |
| 57 BC | Hyeokgeose of Silla |
| Hyeokgeose of Silla (69 BC - 4 AD, r. 57 BC–4 AD), also known by his personal full name as Bak (Park, Pak) Hyeokgeose, was the founding monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the progenitor of all Bak (Park) clans in Korea.
* Date : 57 BC | |
| 53 BC | Battle of Carrhae |
| The Battle of Carrhae was fought in 53 BC between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire near the town of Carrhae. The Parthian Spahbod ('General') Surena decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman invasion force under the command of Marcus Licinius Crassus.
* Date : 53 BC | |
| 49 BC | Crossing the Rubicon |
| The idiom 'Crossing the Rubicon' means to pass a point of no return, and refers to Julius Caesar's army's crossing of the Rubicon River (in the north of Italy) in 49 BC, which was considered an act of insurrection and treason. Julius Caesar uttered the famous phrase 'alea iacta est'—the die is cast—as his army marched through the shallow river.
* Date : 49 BC | |
| 44 BC | Assassination of Julius Caesar |
| The assassination of Julius Caesar was the result of a conspiracy by many Roman senators. Led by Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus, they stabbed Julius Caesar to death in a location adjacent to the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March (March 15), 44 BC.
* Date : 44 BC | |
| 37 BC | Dongmyeong of Goguryeo |
| King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo (58 BCE – 19 BCE, r. 37 BCE – 19 BCE) or Dongmyeongseongwang (Hangul: 동명성왕; Hanja: 東明聖王), which literally means Holy King of the East, also known by his birth name Jumong (Hangul: 주몽; Hanja: 朱蒙), was the founding monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
* Date : 37 BC | |
| 31 BC | Battle of Actium |
| The Battle of Actium was the decisive confrontation of the Final War of the Roman Republic, a naval engagement between Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the promontory of Actium, in the Roman province of Epirus Vetus in Greece. Octavian's fleet was commanded by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, while Antony's fleet was supported by the power of Queen Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt.
* Date : 31 BC | |
| 30 BC | Egypt's surrender |
| Octavian's victory at Actium gave him sole and uncontested control of 'Mare Nostrum' (Our Sea, i.e., the Roman Mediterranean) and he became 'Augustus Caesar' and the 'first citizen' of Rome. This victory, consolidating his power over every Roman institution, marked the transition of Rome from Republic to Empire. Egypt's surrender following Cleopatra's death marked the final demise of both the Hellenistic Period and the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
* Date : 30 BC | |
| 27 BC | Roman Empire |
| Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.
* Date : 27 BC | |
| 18 BC | Onjo of Baekje |
| Onjo (?-28, r. 18 BC–AD 28) was the founding monarch of Baekje (백제,百濟), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. According to the Samguk Sagi (삼국사기,三國史記), he was the ancestor of all Baekje kings.
* Date : 18 BC | |
| 1 | Roman Warm Period |
| The Roman Warm Period, or Roman Climatic Optimum, is a proposed period of unusually warm weather in Europe and the North Atlantic that ran from approximately 250 BC to AD 400.
* Date : 1 | |
| 3 | Goguryeo, Guonei City |
| Guonei was chosen to become the capital city by the kingdom's second ruler, King Yuri during the 10th month of the year 3 AD.
* Date : 3 | |
| 8 | Xin dynasty |
| The Xin dynasty (Chinese: 新朝; pinyin: Xīn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Hsin Ch'ao) was a Chinese dynasty (termed so despite having only one emperor) which lasted from 9 to 23 AD. It interrupted the Han dynasty, dividing it into the periods of the Western Han and the Eastern Han.
* Date : 8 ~ 23 | |
| 9 | Publius Quinctilius Varus |
| Publius Quinctilius Varus (46 BC Cremona, Roman Republic – Sept. 9 AD near Kalkriese, Germany) was a Roman general and politician under the first Roman emperor Augustus. Varus is generally remembered for having lost three Roman legions when ambushed by Germanic tribes led by Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, whereupon he took his own life.
* Date : 9 | |
| 25 | Eastern Han |
| The Eastern Han, also known as the Later Han, formally began on 5 August 25, when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han. During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang, the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han's Korean commanderies; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30.
* Date : 25 | |
| 30 | Kushan Empire |
| The Kushan Empire (Bactrian: Κυϸανο, Kushano; Sanskrit: कुषाण राजवंश Kuṣāṇ Rājavaṃśa; BHS: Guṣāṇa-vaṃśa; Parthian: 𐭊𐭅𐭔𐭍 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓 Kušan-xšaθr) was a syncretic empire, formed by Yuezhi, in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. It spread to encompass much of Afghanistan, and then the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi (Benares), where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan emperor Kanishka the Great. Emperor Kanishka was a great patron of Buddhism; however, as Kushans expanded southward, the deities of their later coinage came to reflect its new Hindu majority.
* Date : 30 | |
| 33 | Historicity of Jesus |
| Jesus's Death(?).
* Date : 33 | |
| 42 | Suro of Geumgwan Gaya |
| Suro (수로), or Sureung (posthumous name: 수릉, 首陵, ? - 199), commonly called Gim Suro, was the legendary founder and king of the state of Geumgwan Gaya in southeastern Korea.
* Date : 42 | |
| 73 | Ban Chao |
| As a Han general and cavalry commander, Ban Chao was in charge of administrating the 'Western Regions' (Central Asia) while he was in service. He also led Han forces for over 30 years in the war against the Xiongnu and secured Han control over the Tarim Basin region.
* Date : 73 ~ 102 | |
| 79 | Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 |
| The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD was one of the most catastrophic volcanic eruptions in European history.
* Date : 79 | |
| 96 | Five Good Emperors |
| The rulers commonly known as the 'Five Good Emperors' were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius.
* Date : 96 ~ 180 | |
| 105 | Cai Lun |
| Cai Lun ([tsʰâi̯ lu̯ə̌n]; Chinese: 蔡倫; AD 48– 121), courtesy name Jingzhong (敬仲), was a Han dynasty Chinese eunuch and official. He is traditionally regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process, in forms recognizable in modern times as paper (as opposed to papyrus). Although early forms of paper had existed in China since the 2nd century BC, he was responsible for the first significant improvement and standardization of paper-making by adding essential new materials into its composition.
* Date : 105 | |
| 155 | Xianbei |
| Around A.D. 155, the northern Xiongnu were 'crushed and subjugated' by the Xianbei. Their chief, known by the Chinese as Tan-shih-huai, then advanced upon and defeated the Wusun of the Ili by A.D. 166.
* Date : 155 | |
| 165 | Antonine Plague |
| The Antonine Plague of 165–180 AD, also known as the Plague of Galen (from the name of the Greek physician living in the Roman Empire who described it), was an ancient pandemic brought back to the Roman Empire by troops returning from campaigns in the Near East.
* Date : 165 ~ 180 | |
| 161 | Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 |
| The Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 (also called the Parthian War of Lucius Verus) was fought between the Roman and Parthian Empires over Armenia and Upper Mesopotamia. It concluded in 166 after the Romans made successful campaigns into lower Mesopotamia and Media and sacked Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital.
* Date : 161 ~ 166 | |
| 165 | Antonine Plague |
| The Antonine Plague of 165 to 180 AD, also known as the Plague of Galen (from the name of the Greek physician living in the Roman Empire who described it), was an ancient pandemic brought back to the Roman Empire by troops returning from campaigns in the Near East. Scholars have suspected it to have been either smallpox or measles, but the true cause remains undetermined.
* Date : 165 ~ 180 | |
| 168 | Marcomannic Wars |
| The Marcomannic Wars (Latin: bellum Germanicum et Sarmaticum, 'German and Sarmatian War') were a series of wars lasting over a dozen years from about 166 until 180 AD. These wars pitted the Roman Empire against, principally, the Germanic Marcomanni and Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges; there were related conflicts with several other barbarian peoples along both sides of the whole length of the Roman Empire's northeastern European border, the river Danube.
* Date : 168 ~ 174 | |
| 184 | Yellow Turban Rebellion |
| The Yellow Turban Rebellion, also translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, was a peasant revolt in China against the Han dynasty. The uprising broke out in the year 184 during the reign of Emperor Ling. It took 21 years until the uprising was suppressed in the year 205.
* Date : 184 | |
| 186 | Hatepe eruption |
| The Hatepe eruption, named for the Hatepe Plinian pumice tephra layer, sometimes referred to as the Taupo eruption and dated to around 180 AD, was Lake Taupo's most recent major eruption. It is considered New Zealand's largest eruption during the last 20,000 years. The eruption ejected some 120 km3 (29 cu mi), a VEI 7 eruption, of which 30 km3 (7.2 cu mi) was ejected in the space of a few minutes.
* Date : 186 | |
| 200 | Battle of Guandu |
| The Battle of Guandu was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Yuan Shao in 200 AD in the late Eastern Han dynasty. The battle, which concluded with a decisive victory for Cao Cao, was a turning point in the war between the two warlords.
* Date : 200 | |
| 208 | Battle of Red Cliffs |
| The Battle of Red Cliffs, otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi, was a decisive battle fought at the end of the Han dynasty, about twelve years prior to the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history. It was fought in the winter of AD 208/9 between the allied forces of the southern warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan and the numerically superior forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao.
* Date : 208 | |
| 220 | Three Kingdoms |
| The Three Kingdoms (AD 220–280) was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei (魏), Shu (蜀), and Wu (吳), following the Han dynasty and preceding the Jin dynasty.
* Date : 220 ~ 280 | |
| 224 | Sasanian Empire |
| The Sasanian Empire (/səˈsɑːnɪən/ or /səˈseɪnɪən/), (Persian: ساسانیان) also known as Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire), known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr (ایرانشهر) in Middle Persian language,[a] was the last imperial dynasty in Persia (Iran) before the rise of Islam, from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognized as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighboring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.
* Date : 224 | |
| 235 | Crisis of the Third Century |
| The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (AD 235–284), was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression.
* Date : 235 ~ 284 | |
| 249 | Plague of Cyprian |
| The Plague of Cyprian was a pandemic that afflicted the Roman Empire from about AD 249 to 262. The plague is thought to have caused widespread manpower shortages for food production and the Roman army, severely weakening the empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. Its modern name commemorates St. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, an early Christian writer who witnessed and described the plague.
* Date : 249 ~ 262 | |
| 250 | Maya civilization(Classic period) |
| The Classic period is largely defined as the period during which the lowland Maya raised dated monuments using the Long Count calendar.
* Date : 250 | |
| 261 | Michu of Silla |
| Michu of Silla was the thirteenth ruler of the Korean state of Silla (262-284). He was the first king of the Kim clan to sit on the Silla throne; this clan would hold the throne for most of Silla's later history. He was the son of Gudo, a leading Silla general, and the sixth-generation descendant of the clan founder Kim Alji.
* Date : 261 | |
| 270 | Yamato period |
| The Yamato period (大和時代 Yamato-jidai?) is the period of Japanese history when the Japanese Imperial court ruled from modern-day Nara Prefecture, then known as Yamato Province.
* Date : 270 | |
| 280 | Jin dynasty (265–420), Chinese unity |
| The Jin dynasty, distinguished as the Sima Jin and Liang Jin, was a Chinese dynasty, empire, and era traditionally dated from AD 265 to 420. It was founded by Sima Yan, son of Sima Zhao who was created Prince of Jin and posthumously declared the founder of the dynasty. It followed the Three Kingdoms period (220-280 AD), which ended with the conquest of Eastern Wu by the Jin.
* Date : 280 | |
| 291 | War of the Eight Princes |
| The War of the Eight Princes, Rebellion of the Eight Kings or Rebellion of the Eight Princes (simplified Chinese: 八王之乱; traditional Chinese: 八王之亂; pinyin: bā wáng zhī luàn; Wade–Giles: pa wang chih luan) was a series of civil wars among kings/princes (Chinese: wáng 王) of the Chinese Jin dynasty from AD 291 to 306.
* Date : 291 ~ 306 | |
| 304 | Sixteen Kingdoms |
| The Sixteen Kingdoms, less commonly the Sixteen States, was a period in Chinese history from 304 to 439 in which the political order of northern China fractured into a series of short-lived sovereign states, most of which were founded by ethnic minority peoples who had settled in northern China during the preceding centuries and participated in the overthrow of the Western Jin Dynasty in the early 4th century. The period ended with the unification of northern China by the Northern Wei in the early 5th century.
* Date : 304 ~ 439 | |
| 311 | Disaster of Yongjia |
| The Disaster of Yongjia (Chinese: 永嘉之祸) referred to events that occurred in 311 CE, when Wu Hu forces captured and sacked Luoyang, the Jin capital.
* Date : 311 | |
| 313 | Goguryeo conquered Lelang |
| After Luoyang, the capital of Jin, was occupied by the Xiongnu in 311, Zhang Tong (張統) went for help to Murong Hui, a Xianbei warlord, with his subjects in 314. Goguryeo under King Micheon annexed Lelang and Daifang soon after that.
* Date : 313 | |
| 313 | Edict of Milan |
| The Edict of Milan (Italian: Editto di Milano, Latin: Edictum Mediolanense) was the February 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire. Western Roman Emperor Constantine I, and Licinius, who controlled the Balkans, met in Milan and among other things, agreed to change policies towards Christians following the Edict of Toleration by Galerius issued two years earlier in Serdica.
* Date : 313 | |
| 317 | Eastern Jin |
| The remaining followers of the Jin dynasty retreated south and formed the Eastern Jin, whose control was limited to South China. Throughout this period, the Jin court was severely weakened, allowing the Eastern Jin to be dominated by strong generals such as Wang Dun and Huan Wen.
* Date : 317 ~ 420 | |
| 320 | Gupta Empire |
| The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire, founded by Sri Gupta, which existed at its zenith from approximately 320 to 550 CE and covered much of the Indian subcontinent.
* Date : 320 | |
| 330 | Byzantine Empire |
| The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).
* Date : 330 | |
| 346 | Geunchogo of Baekje |
| Geunchogo of Baekje (324-375, r. 346-375) was the 13th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He reigned over the apex of Baekje's powers.
* Date : 346 ~ 375 | |
| 370 | Huns |
| The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia between the 1st century AD and the 7th century AD. As per European tradition, they were first reported living east of the Volga River, in an area that was part of Scythia at the time; the Huns' arrival is associated with the migration westward of a Scythian people, the Alans. In 91 AD, the Huns were said to be living near the Caspian Sea and by about 150 had migrated southeast into the Caucasus. By 370, the Huns had established a vast, if short-lived, dominion in Europe.
* Date : 370 | |
| 375 | Migration Period |
| Although immigration was common throughout the time of the Roman Empire, the period in question was, in the 19th century, often defined as running from about the 5th to 8th centuries AD.
* Date : 375 ~ 568 | |
| 380 | State church of the Roman Empire |
| Nicene Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire with the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 CE, when Emperor Theodosius I made it the Empire's sole authorized religion.
* Date : 380 | |
| 386 | Northern Wei |
| The Northern Wei (Chinese: 北魏; pinyin: Běi Wèi; Wade–Giles: Pei3 Wei4), also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓跋魏), Later Wei (後魏), or Yuan Wei (元魏), was a dynasty founded by the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei, which ruled northern China from 386 to 534 (de jure until 535), during the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
* Date : 386 | |
| 391 | Gwanggaeto the Great |
| Gwanggaeto of Goguryeo (374–413, r. 391–413) was the nineteenth monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. His full posthumous name means 'Entombed in Gukgangsang, Broad Expander of Domain, Peacemaker, Supreme King', sometimes abbreviated to Hotaewang. His era name is Yeongnak and he is occasionally recorded as Yeongnak Taewang (Supreme King Yeongnak). Gwanggaeto's independent reign title meant that Goguryeo was on equal standing with the dynasties in the Chinese mainland.
* Date : 391 ~ 412 | |
| 395 | Roman Empire, Final East West divide |
| Theodosius I divided the Empire upon his death (in 395) between his two sons.
* Date : 395 | |
| 410 | Sack of Rome (410) |
| The Sack of Rome occurred on August 24, 410. The city was attacked by the Visigoths led by King Alaric. At that time, Rome was no longer the capital of the Western Roman Empire, having been replaced in that position first by Mediolanum in 286 and then by Ravenna in 402.
* Date : 410 | |
| 420 | Northern and Southern dynasties |
| The Northern and Southern dynasties (Chinese: 南北朝; pinyin: Nán-Běi Cháo) was a period in the history of China that lasted from 420 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Wu Hu states. It is sometimes considered as the latter part of a longer period known as the Six Dynasties (220 to 589).
* Date : 420 ~ 589 | |
| 427 | Jangsu transferred the Goguryeo capital |
| In 427, he transferred the Goguryeo capital from Gungnae Fortress (present-day Ji'an on the China-North Korea border) to Pyongyang, a more suitable region to grow into a burgeoning metropolitan capital, which led Goguryeo to achieve a high level of cultural and economic prosperity.
* Date : 427 | |
| 434 | Attila the Hun |
| Attila (/ˈætᵻlə/ or /əˈtɪlə/; fl. circa 406–453), frequently referred to as Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in March 453. Attila was a leader of the Hunnic Empire, a tribal confederation consisting of Huns, Ostrogoths, and Alans among others, on the territory of Central and Eastern Europe.
* Date : 434 ~ 453 | |
| 439 | Northern Wei unified northern China |
| Described as 'part of an era of political turbulence and intense social and cultural change', the Northern Wei Dynasty is particularly noted for unifying northern China in 439: this was also a period of introduced foreign ideas; such as Buddhism, which became firmly established.
* Date : 439 | |
| 475 | Goguryeo captured Wiryeseong |
| In 475, Jangsu launched a full-scale invasion from both land and sea against the now politically unstable kingdom of Baekje. Dorim was successful in gaining information about Baekje, and consequently Gaero was not at all prepared for the assault formulated by Jangsu. With momentum now in his favor, Jangsu then proceeded toward the capital and easily captured the city of Wiryeseong and slew Gaero. Soon after, Jangsu burned the capital to the ground, along with several other cities that he conquered from Baekje.
* Date : 475 | |
| 476 | Fall of the Western Roman Empire |
| By 476 when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus, the Western Roman Emperor wielded negligible military, political, or financial power and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that could still be described as Roman.
* Date : 476 | |
| 481 | Francia Established |
| Francia or Frankia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks (Latin: Regnum Francorum), Frankish Kingdom, Frankish Empire, Frankish Realm or occasionally Frankland, was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks, a confederation of West Germanic tribes, during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages.
* Date : 481 | |
| 533 | Justinian I's campaigns |
| One of the most spectacular features of Justinian's reign was the recovery of large stretches of land around the Western Mediterranean basin that had slipped out of Imperial control in the 5th century.
* Date : 533 ~ 555 | |
 536 | Extreme weather events of 535–536 |
| The extreme weather events of 535–536 were the most severe and protracted short-term episodes of cooling in the Northern Hemisphere in the last 2000 years.
* Date : 536 | |
| 541 | Plague of Justinian |
| The Plague of Justinian (541–542) was a pandemic that afflicted the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, especially its capital Constantinople, the Sassanid Empire, and port cities around the entire Mediterranean Sea.
* Date : 541 ~ 542/12 | |
| 550 | Fall of Gupta Empire |
| The succession of the 6th-century Guptas is not entirely clear, but the tail end recognized ruler of the dynasty's main line was king Vishnugupta, reigning from 540 to 550. In addition to the Hun invasion, the factors, which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the Vakatakas and the rise of Yashodharman in Malwa.
* Date : 550 | |
| 550 | Teotihuacan Collapse(?) |
| Evidence for population decline beginning around the 6th century lends some support to the internal unrest hypothesis. The decline of Teotihuacan has been correlated to lengthy droughts related to the climate changes of 535–536. This theory of ecological decline is supported by archaeological remains that show a rise in the percentage of juvenile skeletons with evidence of malnutrition during the 6th century.
* Date : 550 | |
| 552 | Göktürks |
| The Göktürks, Celestial Turks, Blue Turks or Kok Turks (Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰:𐰜𐰇𐰛 Kök Türük Chinese: 突厥/تُكِئ; pinyin: Tūjué, Khotanese Saka Ttūrka, Ttrūka, Old Tibetan Drugu), were a nomadic confederation of Turkic peoples in medieval Inner Asia. The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established the Turkic Khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties which would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of Turkic peoples.
* Date : 552 | |
| 553/07 | Silla attacked on the Han River |
| During the reign of King Seong of Baekje, King Jinheung allied with Goguryeo and launched an attack on the Han River valley during the year 553. In a secret agreement between Silla and Goguryeo, Silla troops attacked the exhausted Baekje army in late 553.
* Date : 553/07 | |
| 562 | Fall of Daegaya |
| Daegaya fell to the armies of Silla under general Kim Isabu in 562 AD; Silla, having already begun to absorb much of the Gaya confederacy, had invaded Daegaya as punishment for having allied with Baekje in 554.
* Date : 562 | |
| 581 | Sui dynasty |
| The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: 隋朝; pinyin: Suí cháo) was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China of pivotal significance. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties and reinstalled the rule of ethnic Han Chinese in the entire China proper, along with sinicization of former nomadic ethnic minorities within its territory. It was succeeded by the Tang dynasty, which largely inherited its foundation.
* Date : 581 ~ 618 | |
| 602 | Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 |
| The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 was the final and most devastating of the series of wars fought between the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire and the Sasanian Empire of Persia.
* Date : 602 ~ 628 | |
| 612 | Goguryeo repulses second Sui invasion at the Salsu |
| Second Invasion of 612. Yangdi, when he won the throne in 604, built the Grand Canal connecting the north and south of China. The south, economic base of China, and the north, political base of China, were connected by the canal, allowing transportation of troops for the massive military campaign.
* Date : 612 | |
| 618 | Tang dynasty(~907) |
| The Tang dynasty (Chinese: 唐朝) was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty, and the Tang capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) was the most populous city in the world.
* Date : 618 | |
| 622/07/16 | Hegira |
| The Hegira or Hijrah (Arabic: هِجْرَة) is the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib, later renamed by him to Medina, in 622 CE.
* Date : 622/07/16 | |
| 630 | Eastern Turkic Khaganate collapsed |
| On March 27, 630 a Tang army under the command of Li Jing defeated the Eastern Turkic Khaganate under the command of Illig Qaghan at the Battle of Yinshan (陰山之戰 / 阴山之战). Illig Qaghan fled to Ishbara Shad, but on May 2, 630 Zhang Baoxiang's army advanced to Ishbara Shad's headquarters. Illig Qaghan was taken prisoner and sent to Chang'an. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate collapsed and was incorporated into the Jimi system of Tang. Emperor Taizong said, 'It's enough for me to compensate my dishonor at Wei River.'
* Date : 630 | |
| 632/06/08 | Rashidun Caliphate |
| The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ al-Khilāfah ar-Rāshidah) was the Islamic caliphate in the earliest period of Islam, comprising the first four caliphs—the 'Rightly Guided' or Rashidun caliphs (Arabic: اَلْخُلَفَاءُ ٱلرَّاشِدُونَ al-Khulafā’ ar-Rāshidūn). It was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 (year 11 AH in the Islamic calendar). At its height, the Caliphate controlled an empire from the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, to the Caucasus in the north, North Africa from Egypt to present-day Tunisia in the west, and the Iranian plateau to Central Asia in the east.
* Date : 632/06/08 ~ 661 | |
| 634 | Muslim conquest of the Levant |
| The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arabic: الفَتْحُ الإسْلَامِيُّ للشَّامِ) or Arab conquest of the Levant (Arabic: الفَتْحُ العَرَبِيُّ لِلشَّامِ) occurred in the first half of the 7th century, and refers to the conquest of the region known as the Levant, later to become the Islamic Province of Bilad al-Sham, as part of the Islamic conquests.
* Date : 634 ~ 638 | |
| 636/08/15 | Battle of Yarmouk |
| The Battle of Yarmouk was a major battle between the army of the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim Arab forces of the Rashidun Caliphate.
* Date : 636/08/15 | |
| 646 | Taika Reform |
| The Taika Reforms (大化の改新 Taika no Kaishin?) were a set of doctrines established by Emperor Kōtoku (孝徳天皇 Kōtoku-tennō) in the year 645. They were written shortly after the death of Prince Shōtoku, and the defeat of the Soga clan (蘇我氏 Soga no uji), uniting Japan. The reforms also artistically marked the end of the Asuka period and the beginning of the Hakuhō period. Crown Prince Naka no Ōe (who would later reign as Emperor Tenji), Nakatomi no Kamatari, and Emperor Kōtoku jointly embarked on the details of the Reforms. Emperor Kōtoku then took the name 'Taika' (大化), or 'Great Reform'.
* Date : 646 | |
| 651 | Fall of Sasanian Empire |
| Upon hearing of the defeat in Nihawānd, Yazdegerd along with Farrukhzad and with some of the Persian nobles fled further inland to the eastern province of Khorasan. Yazdegerd was assassinated by a miller in Merv in late 651, while some of the nobles settled in Central Asia, where they contributed greatly to spreading Persian culture and language in those regions and to the establishment of the first native Iranian Islamic dynasty, the Samanid dynasty, which sought to revive Sassanid traditions.
* Date : 651 | |
| 660 | Fall of Baekje |
| In 660 it was defeated, by an alliance of Silla and the Chinese Tang Dynasty, and submitted to Unified Silla.
* Date : 660 | |
| 661 | Umayyad Caliphate |
| The Umayyad Caliphate, also spelled Omayyad, was the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty, hailing from Mecca.
* Date : 661 ~ 750 | |
| 663/08/27 | Battle of Baekgang |
| The Battle of Baekgang, also known as Battle of Baekgang-gu or by the Japanese name Battle of Hakusukinoe (白村江の戦い Hakusuki-no-e no Tatakai or Hakusonkō no Tatakai), was a battle between Baekje restoration forces and their ally, Yamato Japan, against the allied forces of Silla and the Tang Dynasty of ancient China. The battle took place in the lower reaches of the Geum River in Jeollabuk-do province, Korea. The Silla-Tang forces won a decisive victory, compelling Yamato Japan to withdraw completely from Korean affairs and crushing the Baekje restoration movement.
* Date : 663/08/27 | |
| 668 | Fall of Goguryeo |
| Goguryeo falls to the Silla-Tang forces.
* Date : 668 | |
| 670/07 | Battle of Dafei River |
| The Battle of Dafei River was fought in mid-670 between the forces of the Chinese Tang dynasty and the Tibetan Empire, for control over the Tarim Basin (the 'Western Regions' in Chinese parlance).
* Date : 670/07 | |
| 672/07/23 | Jinshin War |
| The Jinshin War (壬申の乱 jinshin no ran?) was a succession dispute in Japan which broke out in 672 following the death of Emperor Tenji. The name refers to the jinshin (壬申) or ninth year of the sixty-year Jikkan Jūnishi calendrical cycle, corresponding to the Western year 673.
* Date : 672/07/23 | |
| 674 | Siege of Constantinople (674–678) |
| The First Arab Siege of Constantinople in 674–678 was a major conflict of the Arab–Byzantine Wars, and the first culmination of the Umayyad Caliphate's expansionist strategy towards the Byzantine Empire, led by Caliph Mu'awiya I.
* Date : 674 ~ 678 | |
| 676/02/25 | Silla unified Korean state |
| Silla repels Chinese alliance forces from Korean peninsula, completes unification of much of the Three Kingdoms.
* Date : 676/02/25 | |
| 682 | Turks are independent from the Tang Dynasty |
| Despite all the setbacks, Ashina Kutluk (Ilterish Qaghan) and his brother Qapaghan Qaghan succeeded in reestablishing the Khanate. From 679 they revolted against the Tang Dynasty Chinese domination for several times and finally succeeded in 682 and, over the following decades, steadily gained control of the steppes beyond the Great Wall of China.
* Date : 682 | |
| 698 | Founding of Balhae |
| Dae Jo-yeong (died 719), also known in Korea as King Go (Hangul: 고왕, Hanja: 高王), established the state of Balhae, reigning from 699 to 719.
* Date : 698 | |
| 711 | Islamic Iberia |
| Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأندلس, trans. al-ʼAndalus; Spanish: al-Ándalus; Portuguese: al-Ândalus; Catalan: al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal. At its greatest geographical extent in the eighth century, southern France—Septimania—was briefly under its control. The name more generally describes parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors) at various times between 711 and 1492, though the boundaries changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed.
* Date : 711 | |
| 717 | Siege of Constantinople (717–718) |
| The Second Arab siege of Constantinople in 717–718 was a combined land and sea offensive by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople.
* Date : 717 ~ 718 | |
| 732 | Battle of Tours |
| The Battle of Tours (10 October 732) — also called the Battle of Poitiers and, by Arab sources, the Battle of the Palace of the Martyrs (Arabic: معركة بلاط الشهداء, translit. Ma'arakat Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā’) — was fought between Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by 'Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Governor-General of al-Andalus. It was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in north-central France, near the village of Moussais-la-Bataille, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Poitiers. The location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and then-independent Aquitaine.
* Date : 732 | |
| 735/08 | 735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic |
| The 735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic (天平の疫病大流行, "Epidemic of the Tenpyō era") was a major smallpox epidemic that afflicted much of Japan. Killing approximately one third (around 1 million individuals) of the entire Japanese population, the epidemic had significant social, economic, and religious repercussions throughout the country.
* Date : 735/08 ~ 737/08 | |
| 740 | Battle of Akroinon |
| The Battle of Akroinon was fought at Akroinon or Akroinos (near modern Afyon) in Phrygia, on the western edge of the Anatolian plateau, in 740 between an Umayyad Arab army and the Byzantine forces.
* Date : 740 | |
| 744 | Uyghur Khaganate(~840) |
| The Uyghur Khaganate (or Uyghur Empire or Uighur Khaganate or Toquz Oghuz Country) (Modern Uyghurئورخۇن ئۇيغۇر خانلىقى), (Tang era names, with modern Hanyu Pinyin: traditional Chinese: 回鶻; simplified Chinese: 回鹘; pinyin: Huíhú or traditional Chinese: 回紇; simplified Chinese: 回纥; pinyin: Huíhé) was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries.
* Date : 744 | |
| 750 | Abbasid Caliphate(~1258) |
| The Abbasid Caliphate (/əˈbæsᵻd/ or /ˈæbəsᵻd/ Arabic: الخلافة العباسية al-Khilāfah al-‘Abbāsīyah) was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Abbasid dynasty descended from Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs, for most of their period from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after assuming authority over the Muslim empire from the Umayyads in 750 CE (132 AH).
* Date : 750 | |
| 751 | Battle of Talas |
| The Battle of Talas, Battle of Talas River, or Battle of Artlakh (Chinese: 怛羅斯會戰; Arabic: معركة نهر طلاس) was a military engagement between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate along with their ally the Tibetan Empire against the Chinese Tang dynasty, governed at the time by Emperor Xuanzong. In July 751 AD, Tang and Abbasid forces met in the valley of the Talas River to vie for control of the Syr Darya region of central Asia.
* Date : 751 | |
| 755 | An Lushan Rebellion |
| The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China. The rebellion overtly began on 16 December 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan Dynasty, and ended when Yan fell on 17 February 763 (although the effects lasted past this).
* Date : 755 ~ 763 | |
| 771 | Charlemagne |
| He became king in 768 following the death of his father, initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman's sudden death in 771 in unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne as the undisputed ruler of the Frankish Kingdom.
* Date : 771 | |
| 793 | Vikings |
| Vikings (Danish and Bokmål: vikinger; Swedish and Nynorsk: vikingar; Icelandic: víkingar), from Old Norse víkingr, were Nordic seafarers, mainly speaking the Old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of northern, central and eastern Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries.
* Date : 793 ~ 1066/09/25 | |
| 828 | Jang Bogo establishes Cheonghaejin |
| Cheonghaejin (literally 'Blue sea headquarters') was a major military headquarters and trading hub located on Wando island, South Jeolla province of South Korea, and established by Korean general Jang Bogo in 828 ACE during the Silla kingdom period. It traded mainly with Tang Dynasty China and Japan, and served as a military hub to combat various pirate factions.
* Date : 828 | |
| 840 | Fall of Uyghur Khaganate |
| The following spring, in 840, one of nine Uyghur ministers, Kulug Bagha, rival of Kurebir, fled to the Yenisei Kirghiz and invited them to invade from the north. With a force of around 80,000 horsemen, they sacked the Uyghur capital at Ordu-Baliq, razing it to the ground. The Kyrgyz captured the Uyghur Khagan, Kürebir (Hesa), and promptly beheaded him.
* Date : 840 | |
| 843 | Treaty of Verdun |
| The Treaty of Verdun, signed in August 843, was the first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne. The treaty signed in Verdun-sur-Meuse ended the three-year Carolingian Civil War.
* Date : 843 | |
| 875 | Huang Chao |
| Huang Chao (Chinese: 黃巢; 835 - July 13, 884) was a Han Chinese salt trader, academic scholar, rebel and soldier who rose to become the first and only emperor of the Kingdom of Qi (齊國). He is also well known for being the leader of a major agrarian rebellion that severely weakened the rival Tang dynasty.
* Date : 875 ~ 884 | |
| 882 | Kievan Rus'(~1240) |
| Kievan Rus' (Old East Slavic: Рѹ́сь (Rus'), Рѹ́сьскаѧ землѧ (Rus'kaya zemlya), Ancient Greek: Ῥωσία, Latin: Rus(s)ia, Ruscia, Ruzzia, Rut(h)enia, Old Norse: Garðaríki) was a loose federation of East Slavic tribes in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century, under the reign of the Rurik dynasty. The modern peoples of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestors.
* Date : 882 | |
| 892 | Later Three Kingdoms |
| The Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (892–936) consisted of Silla, Hubaekje ('Later Baekje') and Hugoguryeo ('Later Goguryeo', it was replaced by Goryeo). The later two claimed heirs to the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea, which had been united by Silla, even though Hugoguryeo has little to do with Goguryeo.
* Date : 892 ~ 936 | |
| 895 | Hungarian invasions of Europe |
| The Hungarian invasions of Europe took place in the 9th and 10th centuries, the period of transition in the history of Europe between the early and high medieval period, when the territory of the former Carolingian Empire was threatened by invasion from multiple hostile forces, the Magyars (Hungarians) from the east, the Norsemen from the north and the Arabs from the south.
* Date : 895 ~ 955 | |
| 900 | Classic Maya collapse |
| In archaeology, the classic Maya collapse refers to the decline of Maya civilization and abandonment of Maya cities in the southern Maya lowlands of Mesoamerica between the 8th and 9th centuries, at the end of the Classic Maya Period. Preclassic Maya experienced a similar collapse in the 2nd century.
* Date : 900 | |
| 907 | Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period |
| The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, also called Five Dynasties, was an era of political upheaval in 10th-century imperial China. During this period, five states quickly succeeded one another in the Chinese Central Plain, while more than a dozen concurrent states were established elsewhere, mainly in south China.
* Date : 907 ~ 960 | |
| 907 | Liao dynasty(~1125) |
| The Liao dynasty (Khitan: Mos Jælud; simplified Chinese: 辽朝; traditional Chinese: 遼朝; pinyin: Liáo cháo), officially the Great Liao (Chinese: 大遼; pinyin: Dà Liáo), also known as the Khitan Empire (Khitan: Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur; Chinese: 契丹国; pinyin: Qìdān guó) and the Liao Empire, was an empire in East Asia that ruled from 907 to 1125 over present-day Mongolia and portions of the Russian Far East, northern Korea, and northern China. The Liao dynasty was founded by Abaoji, Khagan of the Khitan people around the time of the collapse of Tang China. It was the first state to control all of Manchuria.
* Date : 907 ~ 1125 | |
| 909 | Fatimid Caliphate(~1171) |
| The Fatimid Caliphate (Arabic: الفاطميون, al-Fāṭimīyūn) was an Ismaili Shia Islamic caliphate that spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The dynasty ruled across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the centre of the caliphate. At its height the caliphate included in addition to Egypt varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and Hijaz.
* Date : 909 | |
| 911 | Duchy of Normandy |
| The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and Rollo, leader of the Vikings. From 1066 until 1204 it was held by the kings of England, except for the brief rule of Robert Curthose (1087–1106) and Geoffrey Plantagenet (1144–1150).
* Date : 911 | |
| 918 | Goryeo(~1392) |
| Goryeo, also spelled as Koryŏ (Hangul: 고려; Hanja: 高麗; 918–1392), was a Korean dynasty established in 918 by King Taejo. This kingdom later gave name to the modern exonym 'Korea'. It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean Peninsula until it was removed by the founder of the Joseon in 1392. Goryeo expanded Korea's borders to present-day Wonsan in the northeast (936–943), the Yalu River (993) and finally almost the whole of the Korean Peninsula (1374).
* Date : 918 | |
| 926 | Balhae falls to Khitan forces |
| A Khitan invasion took the capital of Balhae after a 25-day siege in 926. After destroying Balhae in 926, the Khitans established a puppet Dongdan Kingdom, which was soon annexed by Liao in 936.
* Date : 926 | |
| 929 | Caliphate of Córdoba(~1031) |
| The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic: خلافة قرطبة; trans. Khilāfat Qurṭuba) was a state in Islamic Iberia along with a part of North Africa ruled by the Umayyad dynasty. The state, with the capital in Córdoba, existed from 929 to 1031.
* Date : 929 | |
| 935 | Fall of Silla |
| In 935, King Gyeongsun of a very weakened Silla surrendered to Goryeo.
* Date : 935 | |
| 946 | Eruption of Paektu Mountain ? |
| The 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain, on the boundaries of China/Korea, was one of the most powerful in recorded history and is classified as a VEI-7 event.
* Date : 946 | |
| 960 | Song dynasty |
| The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝; pinyin: Sòng cháo; 960–1279) was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279. It succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, coincided with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties, and was followed by the Yuan dynasty.
* Date : 960 | |
| 962 | Holy Roman Empire(~1806) |
| The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum) was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806. The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also came to include the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Kingdom of Italy, and numerous other territories.
* Date : 962 | |
| 993 | First of three Goryeo-Khitan Wars |
| The First Goryeo-Khitan War was a 10th-century conflict between the kingdom of Goryeo and the Liao dynasty (the Khitan Empire) near what is now the border between China and North Korea. It occurred in 993 and was the first of the Goryeo-Khitan Wars, which were continued with the Second Goryeo-Khitan War (1010) and Third Goryeo-Khitan War (1018).
* Date : 993 | |
| 1004 | Chanyuan Treaty |
| The Chanyuan Treaty (simplified Chinese: 澶渊之盟; traditional Chinese: 澶淵之盟; pinyin: Chányuān Zhī Méng) in 1004-1005 was the pivotal point in the relations between the Northern Song (960-1127) and the Liao Dynasties (916-1125). The ruling class of the Liao were a people of nomadic origin known as the Khitan (Qidan in Chinese) who rose in the northeast around present-day Heilongjiang Province. The Song dynasty, also referred to as the Northern Song, ruled virtually all of China from the late tenth century when it eliminated the last of the kingdoms in the north and the south that stood against Chinese unification.
* Date : 1004 | |
| 1010 | Second Goryeo-Khitan War |
| The Second Goryeo-Khitan War was an 11th-century conflict between the kingdom of Goryeo and the Liao dynasty (the Khitan Empire) near what is now the border between China and North Korea. It was the second of the Goryeo-Khitan Wars, with the First Goryeo-Khitan War occurring in 993, the second in 1010, and the third in 1018.
* Date : 1010 | |
| 1018 | Third Goryeo-Khitan War |
| The Third Goryeo–Khitan War was an 11th-century conflict between the kingdom of Goryeo and Khitan forces near what is now the border between China and North Korea. The Goryeo-Khitan Wars began in 993 with the first campaign and continued with the second campaign.
* Date : 1018 | |
| 1037 | Seljuk Empire |
| The Seljuk Empire or Great Seljuk Empire (also spelled Seljuq) (Persian: آل سلجوق) was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks. The Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their homelands near the Aral sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia.
* Date : 1037 ~ 1194 | |
| 1038 | Western Xia(~1227) |
| The Western Xia (Chinese: 西夏; pinyin: Xī Xià; Wade–Giles: Hsi1 Hsia4), also known as the Xi Xia Empire, the Tangut Empire and to the Tangut people and the Tibetans as Minyak, was an empire which existed from 1038 to 1227 in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, southwest Inner Mongolia, and southernmost Outer Mongolia, measuring about 800,000 square kilometers.
* Date : 1038 | |
| 1054 | East–West Schism |
| The East–West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, which has lasted since the 11th century. It is not to be confused with the Western Schism (which is also sometimes called the 'Great' Schism).
* Date : 1054 | |
| 1066 | Norman conquest of England |
| The Norman conquest of England was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later styled as William the Conqueror.
* Date : 1066 | |
| 1071/08/26 | Battle of Manzikert |
| The Battle of Manzikert (Turkish: Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi,Arabic: معركة ملاذكرد) was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuq Turks on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey). The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army and the capture of the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes played an important role in undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Armenia, and allowed for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia.
* Date : 1071/08/26 | |
| 1077/01 | Road to Canossa |
| The Road to Canossa (German: Gang nach Canossa), sometimes called the Walk to Canossa or Humiliation of Canossa (Italian: L'umiliazione di Canossa), refers to the trek by German king Henry IV from Speyer to Canossa Castle in Emilia-Romagna to obtain the revocation of the excommunication imposed on him by the Pope Gregory VII. He was forced to humiliate himself on his knees waiting for three days and three nights before the entrance gate of the castle, while a blizzard raged in January 1077.
* Date : 1077/01 | |
| 1085 | conquest of Toledo by Castilian forces |
| Alfonso VI the Brave gave more power to the fueros and repopulated Segovia, Ávila and Salamanca. Once he had secured the Borders, King Alfonso conquered the powerful Taifa kingdom of Toledo in 1085. Toledo, which was the former capital of the Visigoths, was a very important landmark, and the conquest made Alfonso renowned throughout the Christian world. However, this 'conquest' was conducted rather gradually, and mostly peacefully, during the course of several decades. It was not until after sporadic and consistent population resettlements had taken place that Toledo was decisively conquered.
* Date : 1085 | |
| 1095 | Crusades |
| The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period, especially the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean with the aim of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Islamic rule, to recapture Christian territory and defend Christian pilgrims.
* Date : 1095 ~ 1291 | |
| 1100 | Medieval Warm Period |
| The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region that was likely related to other warming events in other regions during that time, including China and other areas, lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250. Other regions were colder, such as the tropical Pacific. Averaged global mean temperatures have been calculated to be similar to early-mid 20th century warming.
* Date : 1100 | |
| 1115 | Jin dynasty (1115–1234) |
| The Jin dynasty, officially known as the Great Jin, lasted from 1115 to 1234 as one of the last dynasties in Chinese history to predate the Mongol invasion of China. Its name is sometimes written as Kin or Jinn in English to differentiate it from an earlier Jìn dynasty of China whose name is identical when transcribed without tone marker diacritics in the Hanyu Pinyin system for Standard Chinese. It is also sometimes called the 'Jurchen dynasty' or the 'Jurchen Jin', because its founding Emperor Taizu of Jin (reign 1115–1123) was of Wanyan Jurchen descent.
* Date : 1115 ~ 1234 | |
| 1125 | Fall of Liao dynasty |
| In 1125, the Jurchens captured Emperor Tianzuo and ended the Liao dynasty.
* Date : 1125 | |
| 1127 | Jingkang incident |
| The Jingkang Incident (靖康事变; 靖康事變; Jìngkāng shì biàn), also known as the Humiliation of Jingkang (靖康之耻; 靖康之恥; Jìngkāng zhī chǐ) and the Disorders of the Jingkang Period (靖康之乱; 靖康之亂; Jìngkāng zhī luàn)[1] took place in 1127 during the Jin–Song Wars when the forces of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty besieged and sacked Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng), the capital of the Han Chinese-led Song dynasty. The Jin forces captured the Song ruler, Emperor Qinzong, along with his father, Emperor Huizong, and many members of the imperial family and officials of the Song imperial court.
* Date : 1127 | |
| 1127 | Southern Song |
| Although weakened and pushed south beyond the Huai River, the Southern Song found new ways to bolster its strong economy and defend itself against the Jin dynasty. It had able military officers such as Yue Fei and Han Shizhong.
* Date : 1127 | |
| 1170/08 | Goryeo military regime |
| The term Goryeo military regime (Hangul: 무신정권; Hanja: 武臣政權; RR: Musin Jeonggwon; MR: Musin Jŏnggwŏn) describes the government of Goryeo from the time of the military coup d'état of 1170 to the Sambyeolcho Rebellion of 1270 and the definitive subordination of Korea to the Mongol Yuan dynasty, division of the Mongol Empire.
* Date : 1170/08 ~ 1270 | |
| 1200 | Zhu Xi |
| Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (Chinese: 朱熹, October 18, 1130 – April 23, 1200) was a Song dynasty Confucian scholar who was the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. His contributions to Chinese philosophy including his assigning special significance to the Analects, the Mencius, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean (the Four Books), his emphasis on the investigation of things (gewu), and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts, formed the basis of Chinese bureaucracy and government for over 700 years. He has been called the second most influential thinker in Chinese history, after Confucius himself.
* Date : 1200 | |
| 1204 | Sack of Constantinople (1204) |
| The Sack of Constantinople or Siege of Constantinople occurred in 1204 and marked the end of the Fourth Crusade. Mutinous Crusader armies captured, looted, and destroyed parts of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. After the capture, the Latin Empire was created and Baldwin of Flanders was crowned Emperor Baldwin I of Constantinople in the Hagia Sophia.
* Date : 1204 | |
| 1206 | Genghis Khan |
| Genghis Khan (/ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/, often pronounced /ˈɡɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/; Mongolian: Чингис хаан, Çingis hán; Mongolian pronunciation: [t͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋ] ( listen)) c. 1162 – August 18, 1227, born Temüjin, was the founder and Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
* Date : 1206 ~ 1227/08/18 | |
| 1218 | House of Ögedei(~1310) |
| The House of Ögedei, sometimes called the Ögedeids, were an influential family of Mongol Borjigin (Imperial, or Golden Family) from the 12th to 14th centuries. They were descended from Ögedei Khan (1186-1241), a son of Genghis Khan who had become his father's successor, second Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
* Date : 1218 | |
| 1221/05 | Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia |
| The Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia from 1219 to 1221 marked the beginning of the Mongol conquest of the Islamic states. The Mongol expansion would ultimately culminate in the conquest of virtually all of Eurasia, save for Western Europe, Fennoscandia, the Byzantine Empire, Arabia, most of the Indian subcontinent, Japan, and parts of Southeast Asia.
* Date : 1221/05 | |
| 1225 | Chagatai Khanate(~1680) |
| The Chagatai Khanate (Mongolian: Tsagadaina Khaanat Ulus/Цагаадайн Хаант Улс) was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors. Initially it was a part of the Mongol Empire, but it became a functionally separate khanate with the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after 1259.
* Date : 1225 | |
| 1227 | Mongol conquest of Western Xia |
| Genghis intended to annihilate the entire Western Xia culture, and his campaign systematically destroyed Western Xia cities and the countryside, culminating in the siege of the capital in 1227 along with forays into Jin territory. Near the end of the siege, in August 1227, Genghis Khan died from an uncertain cause, though some accounts say he was killed in action against Western Xia. After his death, Yinchuan fell to the Mongols and most of its population was massacred.
* Date : 1227 | |
| 1231/08/28 | Mongol invasions of Korea |
| The Mongol invasions of Korea (1231–1259) comprised a series of campaigns between 1231 and 1270 by the Mongol Empire against the Kingdom of Goryeo (the proto-state of modern-day Korea). There were seven major campaigns at tremendous cost to civilian lives throughout the Korean peninsula, ultimately resulting in Korea becoming a vassal state of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty for approximately 80 years.
* Date : 1231/08/28 ~ 1259/03 | |
| 1234 | Fall of Jin dynasty |
| Wanyan Chenglin, historically known as Emperor Mo, ruled for less than a day before he was finally killed in battle. Thus the Jin dynasty came to an end in the year 1234.
* Date : 1234 | |
| 1241/04/19 | Battle of Legnica |
| The Battle of Legnica (Polish: bitwa pod Legnicą), also known as the Battle of Liegnitz (German: Schlacht von Liegnitz) or Battle of Wahlstatt (German: Schlacht bei Wahlstatt), was a battle between the Mongol Empire and the combined defending forces of European fighters that took place at Legnickie Pole (Wahlstatt) near the city of Legnica in the Silesia province of the Kingdom of Poland on 9 April 1241.
* Date : 1241/04/19 | |
| 1243 | Golden Horde(~1502) |
| The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Алтан Ордын улс Altan Ordīn uls; Russian: Золотая Орда, tr. Zolotaja Orda; Tatar: Алтын Урда Altın Urda) was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after 1259 it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or as the Ulus of Jochi.
* Date : 1243 | |
| 1250 | Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)(~1517) |
| The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك Sulṭanat al-Mamālīk) was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid Dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamlūk rule into two periods—one covering 1250–1382, the other, 1382–1517.
* Date : 1250 | |
| 1256 | Ilkhanate(~1335) |
| The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate (Persian: ایلخانان, Ilkhānān; Mongolian: Хүлэгийн улс, Hulagu-yn Ulus), was established as a khanate that formed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu. It was founded in the 13th century and was based primarily in Iran as well as neighboring territories, such as present-day Azerbaijan and the central and eastern parts of present-day Turkey.
* Date : 1256 | |
| 1257 | 1257 Samalas eruption |
| The 1257 Samalas eruption was a major volcanic eruption of the Samalas volcano, next to Mount Rinjani on the island of Lombok, Indonesia. It left a large caldera next to Rinjani volcano, the lake Segara Anak. This volcanic eruption reached a volcanic explosivity index of 7, making it one of the largest eruptions of the Holocene.
* Date : 1257 | |
| 1258 | Siege of Baghdad (1258) |
| The Siege of Baghdad, which lasted from January 29 until February 10, 1258, entailed the investment, capture, and sack of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops. The Mongols were under the command of Hulagu Khan (or Hulegu Khan), brother of the khagan Möngke Khan, who had intended to further extend his rule into Mesopotamia but not to directly overthrow the Caliphate. Möngke, however, had instructed Hulagu to attack Baghdad if the Caliph Al-Musta'sim refused Mongol demands for his continued submission to the khagan and the payment of tribute in the form of military support for Mongol forces in Iran.
* Date : 1258 | |
| 1260/09/03 | Battle of Ain Jalut |
| The Battle of Ain Jalut (Ayn Jalut, in Arabic: عين جالوت, the 'Spring of Goliath', or Harod Spring, in Hebrew: מעין חרוד) took place on 3 September 1260 between Muslim Mamluks and the Mongols in the southeastern Galilee, in the Jezreel Valley, not far from the site of Zir'in. The battle marked the south-westernmost extent of Mongol conquests, and was the first time a Mongol advance had been permanently halted. This was blamed on the sudden death of the then-Khagan Möngke Khan; an event that forced the Mongol Ilkhanate Hulagu Khan to take a large part of his army back with him on the way to Mongolia. This left Hulagu's lieutenant, Kitbuga, with only a small detachment of soldiers.
* Date : 1260/09/03 | |
| 1260 | Toluid Civil War |
| The Toluid Civil War was fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264. Möngke Khan died in 1259 with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of Great Khan that escalated to a civil war. The Toluid Civil War, and the wars that followed it (such as the Berke–Hulagu war and the Kaidu–Kublai war), weakened the authority of the Great Khan over the Mongol Empire and split the empire into autonomous khanates.
* Date : 1260 ~ 1264/07 | |
| 1271 | Yuan dynasty(~1368) |
| The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: 元朝; pinyin: Yuán Cháo), officially the Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Mongolian: Yehe Yuan Ulus), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today's North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style, and the conquest was not complete until 1279.
* Date : 1271 ~ 1368 | |
| 1274 | Mongol invasions of Japan(1) |
| In 1274, the Yuan fleet set out with an estimated 15,000 Mongol and Chinese soldiers and 8000 Korean soldiers in 300 large vessels and 400-500 smaller craft, although figures vary considerably depending on the source.
* Date : 1274 | |
| 1279 | Fall of Song dynasty |
| The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.
* Date : 1279 | |
| 1281 | Mongol invasions of Japan(2) |
| In the spring of 1281, the Mongols sent two separate forces. An impressive force of 900 ships containing 40,000 Yuan troops set out from Masan, Korea, while an even larger force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships.
* Date : 1281 | |
| 1283 | Grand Duchy of Moscow(~1547) |
| The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Russian: Великое Княжество Московское, Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye), or Grand Principality of Moscow (also known in English simply as Muscovy), was a late medieval Rus' principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia.
* Date : 1283 | |
| 1287 | Nayan's Rebellion |
| Nayan conspired with two other descendants of brothers of Genghis Khan, Shiktur and Qada'an, who also held appanages in Eastern Mongolia and Manchuria. He was also in contact with Kublai Khan's nephew and inveterate enemy Kaidu, who ruled much of Central Asia. Nayan broke into open rebellion between 14 May and 12 June, 1287, and the main battle against Kublai took place around 16 July.
* Date : 1287 | |
| 1299 | Ottoman Empire |
| The Ottoman Empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; Ottoman Turkish: دولت عليه عثمانیه, Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey, was an empire founded at the end of the thirteenth century in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söğüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.
* Date : 1299 | |
| 1309 | Avignon Papacy(~1377) |
| The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in today's France) rather than in Rome. The situation arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown.
* Date : 1309 | |
| 1315 | Crisis of the Late Middle Ages |
| The crisis of the Late Middle Ages refers to a series of events in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that brought centuries of European prosperity and growth to a halt. Three major crises led to radical changes in all areas of society: demographic collapse, political instabilities and religious upheavals. A series of famines and plagues, beginning with the Great Famine of 1315–17 and especially the Black Death of 1348, reduced the population perhaps by half or more as the Medieval Warm Period came to a close and the first century of the Little Ice Age began.
* Date : 1315 ~ 1351 | |
| 1315 | Great Famine of 1315–17 |
| The Great Famine of 1315–1317 (occasionally dated 1315–1322) was the first of a series of large-scale crises that struck Europe early in the fourteenth century. Most of Europe (extending east to Russia and south to Italy) was affected. The famine caused millions of deaths over an extended number of years and marked a clear end to the period of growth and prosperity from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries.
* Date : 1315 ~ 1317 | |
| 1334 | Black Death, Asian outbreak |
| The scenario that would place the first outbreak in central Asia agrees with the first reports of outbreaks in China in the early 1330s. The plague struck the Chinese province of Hubei in 1334.
* Date : 1334 | |
| 1336 | Muromachi period(~1573) |
| The Muromachi period (室町時代 Muromachi jidai?, also known as the Muromachi era, the Ashikaga era, or the Ashikaga period) is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The period marks the governance of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate (Muromachi bakufu or Ashikaga bakufu), which was officially established in 1338 by the first Muromachi shogun, Ashikaga Takauji, two years after the brief Kenmu Restoration (1333–36) of imperial rule was brought to a close. The period ended in 1573 when the 15th and last shogun of this line, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, was driven out of the capital in Kyoto by Oda Nobunaga.
* Date : 1336 | |
| 1337 | Hundred Years' War |
| The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession of the French throne. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries.
* Date : 1337 ~ 1453 | |
| 1346 | Black Death |
| The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe in the years 1346–1353.
* Date : 1346 ~ 1353 | |
| 1350 | Early wokou |
| According to Korean records, wako pirates were particularly rampant roughly from 1350. After almost annual invasions of the southern provinces of Jeolla and Gyeongsang, they migrated northwards to the Chungcheong and Gyeonggi areas.
* Date : 1350 | |
| 1351 | Red Turban Rebellion |
| The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: 紅巾起義; pinyin: Hóngjīn Qǐyì) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrow.
* Date : 1351 ~ 1368 | |
| 1360/10 | Red Turban invasions of Goryeo(2) |
| In November 1360, the Red Turban troops invaded again Goryeo's northwest border with 200,000 troops and they occupied Gaegyeong, the capital of Goryeo, for a short period, King Gongmin escaped to Andong.
* Date : 1360/10 | |
| 1368 | Northern Yuan dynasty |
| The Northern Yuan dynasty, or simply the Northern Yuan, was the Mongol regime based in Mongolia homeland after the fall of the Yuan dynasty in China in 1368, until the emergence of the Qing dynasty founded by the Manchus in the 17th century.
* Date : 1368 | |
| 1368 | Ming dynasty(~1644) |
| The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China—then known as the Empire of the Great Ming—for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming, described by some as 'one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history,' was the last imperial dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese.
* Date : 1368 | |
| 1370 | Timurid Empire(~1507) |
| The Timurid Empire (Persian: تیموریان), self-designated as Gurkani (Persian: گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān), was a Persianate Turco-Mongol empire comprising modern-day Iran, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary Pakistan, Syria, and Turkey. The empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane), a warlord of Turco-Mongol lineage who established the empire between 1370 and his death in 1405.
* Date : 1370 | |
| 1370 | Timur |
| Timur (Persian: تیمور Timūr, Chagatai: Temür, Uzbek: Temur; 9 April 1336— 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane (Persian: تيمور لنگ Timūr(-e) Lang, 'Timur the Lame'), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror and the founder of the Timurid Empire in Persia and Central Asia. He was also the first ruler in the Timurid dynasty.
* Date : 1370 ~ 1405 | |
| 1388/05/18 | Battle of Buir Lake |
| The Battle of Buir Lake (traditionally Chinese: 捕鱼儿海之战) was a battle between Ming and Northern Yuan forces at Buir Lake in 1388, on the modern China–Mongolia border. In that year a Ming army led by General Lan Yu undertook a military campaign against Toghus Temur (Yizong), the Mongol dynast of the Northern Yuan. Later that year, the Ming army found and defeated the Mongol horde at Buir Lake, capturing many of their people.
* Date : 1388/05/18 | |
| 1392/08/05 | Beginning the Joseon Dynasty |
| The Kingdom of Joseon (Hangul: 대조선국; Hanja: 大朝鮮國, literally 'Great Joseon State'; also Chosŏn, Choson, Chosun) was a Korean kingdom founded by Yi Seonggye that lasted for approximately five centuries, from July 1392 to October 1897.
* Date : 1392/08/05 | |
| 1396/09/25 | Battle of Nicopolis |
| The Battle of Nicopolis (Bulgarian: Битка при Никопол, Bitka pri Nikopol; Turkish: Niğbolu Savaşı, Hungarian: Nikápolyi csata, Romanian: Bătălia de la Nicopole) took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied crusader army of Hungarian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Wallachian, French, English, Burgundian, German and assorted troops (assisted by the Venetian navy) at the hands of an Ottoman force, raising of the siege of the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis and leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. It is often referred to as the Crusade of Nicopolis as it was one of the last large-scale Crusades of the Middle Ages, together with the Crusade of Varna in 1443–1444.
* Date : 1396/09/25 | |
| 1398 | Timur, Capture of Delhi (1398) |
| The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, arguably surpassing the likes of Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan because of the harsh conditions of the journey and the achievement of taking down one of the richest cities at the time. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a bloody massacre within the city walls.
* Date : 1398 | |
| 1399/08/08 | Jingnan Campaign |
| Jingnan Campaign, or Jingnan Rebellion, was a civil war in the early years of the Ming Dynasty of China between the Jianwen Emperor and his uncle Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan. It started in 1399 and lasted for 3 years. The campaign ended after the forces of Prince of Yan captured the imperial capital Nanjing. The fall of Nanjing was followed by the demise of Jianwen Emperor, and Zhu Di was crowned the Yongle Emperor.
* Date : 1399/08/08 ~ 1402/07/13 | |
| 1402/07/20 | Battle of Ankara |
| The Battle of Ankara or Battle of Angora, fought on 20 July 1402, took place at the field of Çubuk (near Ankara) between the forces of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and Timur, ruler of the Timurid Empire. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to a period of crisis for the Ottoman Empire (the Ottoman Interregnum). However, the Timurid Empire went into terminal decline following Timur's death just three years after the battle, while the Ottoman Empire made a full recovery, and continued to increase in power for another two to three centuries.
* Date : 1402/07/20 | |
| 1405/07/11 | Treasure voyages |
| In Chinese history, the treasure voyages were the seven Ming-era maritime voyages of the treasure fleet between 1405 and 1433. The Yongle Emperor initiated the construction of the treasure fleet in 1403. The grand project resulted in seven far-reaching ocean voyages to the coastal territories and islands in and around the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and beyond. Admiral Zheng He was commissioned to command the treasure fleet for the expeditions.
* Date : 1405/07/11 ~ 1433 | |
| 1419/06/19 | Ōei Invasion |
| The Ōei Invasion (応永の外寇 Ōei no gaikō?), known as the Gihae Eastern Expedition (기해 동정) in Korea, was a 1419 invasion from Joseon against pirate bases on Tsushima Island, which is located in the middle of the Tsushima Strait between the Korean Peninsula and Kyushu.
* Date : 1419/06/19 | |
| 1438 | Esen Taishi |
| Esen Taishi (Mongolian: Эсэн тайш; d. 1455) was a powerful Oirat Taishi, de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan in 15th century Mongolia . He is best known for capturing the Zhengtong Emperor of the Ming dynasty in 1450 after the Battle of Tumu Fortress and briefly reuniting the Mongols. The Four Oirat reached the peak of their power under his rule.
* Date : 1438 | |
| 1439 | Johannes Gutenberg |
| Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (/joʊˌhɑːnᵻs ˈɡuːtənbɛrɡ/ yoh-HAH-nəs GOO-tən-behrɡ; c. 1398 – February 3, 1468) was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. His introduction of mechanical movable type printing to Europe started the Printing Revolution and is widely regarded as the most important invention of the second millennium, the seminal event which ushered in the modern period of human history. It played a key role in the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.
* Date : 1439 | |
| 1446/10/09 | The Hangul alphabet |
| The Hangul alphabet, created 3 years earlier, is promulgated by King Sejong the Great.
* Date : 1446/10/09 | |
| 1449/09/01 | Tumu Crisis |
| The Tumu Crisis (simplified Chinese: 土木之变; traditional Chinese: 土木之變; Mongolian: Тумугийн тулалдаан); also called the Crisis of Tumu Fortress (simplified Chinese: 土木堡之变; traditional Chinese: 土木堡之變) or Battle of Tumu (Chinese: 土木之役), was a frontier conflict between the Oirats and the Chinese Ming dynasty which led to the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor on September 1, 1449, and the defeat of an army of 500,000 men by a much smaller force.
* Date : 1449/09/01 | |
| 1453/05/29 | Fall of Constantinople |
| The Fall of Constantinople (Greek: Ἃλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs; Turkish: İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by the then 21-year-old Mehmed the Conqueror, the seventh sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53-day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453.
* Date : 1453/05/29 | |
| 1455 | Wars of the Roses |
| The Wars of the Roses were a series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster (associated with a red rose), and the House of York (whose symbol was a white rose). The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487; however, there was fighting before and after this period between the houses. The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years' War, combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI which revived interest in Richard, Duke of York's claim to the throne.
* Date : 1455 ~ 1485 | |
| 1467 | Sengoku period |
| The Sengoku period (戦国時代 Sengoku jidai?, lit. Age of Civil War; c. 1467 – c. 1603) is a period in Japanese history marked by social upheaval, political intrigue and near-constant military conflict. Japanese historians named it after the otherwise unrelated Warring States period in China. It came to an end when all political power was unified under the Tokugawa shogunate.
* Date : 1467 | |
| 1469 | House of Medici's golden age |
| The House of Medici (/ˈmɛdᵻtʃi/ MED-i-chee; Italian pronunciation: [ˈmɛːditʃi]) was an Italian banking family, political dynasty and later royal house that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. The family originated in the Mugello region of the Tuscan countryside, gradually rising until they were able to fund the Medici Bank. The bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century, seeing the Medici gain political power in Florence — though officially they remained citizens rather than monarchs.
* Date : 1469 ~ 1492 | |
| 1474 | Burgundian Wars |
| The Burgundian Wars (1474–1477) were a conflict between the Dukes of Burgundy and the Old Swiss Confederacy and its allies. Open war broke out in 1474, and in the following years the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, was defeated three times on the battlefield and killed in the Battle of Nancy in 1477. The Duchy of Burgundy and several other Burgundian lands then became part of France, while the Burgundian Netherlands and the Franche-Comté were inherited by Charles's daughter Mary of Burgundy, and eventually passed to the House of Habsburg upon her death because of her marriage to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
* Date : 1474 ~ 1477 | |
| 1492/01/02 | Fall of Granada |
| An eight-month siege of Granada began in April 1491. The situation for the defenders grew progressively dire, as their forces for interfering with the siege dwindled and advisers schemed against each other. Bribery of important officials was rampant, and at least one of the chief advisers to Boabdil seems to have been working for Castile the entire time. After the Battle of Granada a provisional surrender, the Treaty of Granada, was signed on November 25, 1491, which granted two months to the city. The reason for the long delay was not so much intransigence on either side, but rather the inability of the Granadan government to coordinate amongst itself in the midst of the disorder and tumult that gripped the city. After the terms, which proved rather generous to the Muslims, were negotiated, the city capitulated on January 2, 1492. The besieging Christians sneaked troops into the Alhambra that day in case resistance materialized, which it did not. Granada's resistance had come to its end.
* Date : 1492/01/02 | |
| 1492/03/31 | Alhambra Decree |
| The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year. The primary purpose was to eliminate their influence on Spain's large converso population and ensure they did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391, and as such were not subject to the Decree or to expulsion. A further number of those remaining chose to avoid expulsion as a result of the edict. As a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution in prior years, over 200,000 Jews converted to Catholicism and between 40,000 and 100,000 were expelled, an indeterminate number returning to Spain in the years following the expulsion.
* Date : 1492/03/31 | |
| 1492/08/03 | Voyages of Christopher Columbus |
| In 1492 a Spanish-based transatlantic maritime expedition led by Christopher Columbus resulted in the discovery of the Americas, a continent which was previously unknown in Europe, as well as the colonization of the Americas.
* Date : 1492/08/03 | |
| 1494 | Italian Wars |
| The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–Valois Wars or the Renaissance Wars, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, the Republic of Venice, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire.
* Date : 1494 ~ 1559 | |
| 1498/05/20 | Vasco da Gama, India |
| On 8 July 1497 Vasco da Gama led a fleet of four ships with a crew of 170 men from Lisbon. The fleet arrived in Kappadu near Kozhikode (Calicut), in Malabar Coast (present day Kerala state of India), on 20 May 1498.
* Date : 1498/05/20 | |
| 1501 | Safavid dynasty(~1736) |
| The Safavid dynasty (/ˈsɑːfəvɪd/; Persian: دودمان صفوی Dudmān e Safavi, Azerbaijani: صفويلر سولالهسى Səfəvilər sülaləsi) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.
* Date : 1501 | |
| 1509/02/03 | Battle of Diu (1509) |
| The Battle of Diu, sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of Chaul, was a naval battle fought on 3 February 1509 in the Arabian Sea, near the port of Diu, India, between the Portuguese Empire and a joint fleet of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt, the Zamorin of Calicut with support of Ottomans, the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik).
* Date : 1509/02/03 | |
| 1511 | Fugger, golden age |
| The Fugger family (German pronunciation: [ˈfʊɡɐ]) is a German family that was a historically prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg, international mercantile bankers, and venture capitalists. Alongside the Welser family, the family controlled much of the European economy in the sixteenth century and accumulated enormous wealth.
* Date : 1511 ~ 1550 | |
| 1517 | Protestant Reformation |
| The Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation (from Latin reformatio, lit. 'restoration, renewal'), was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe. Timing most commonly used for this period is from 1517 (the Ninety-five Theses are published by Martin Luther) to 1648 (Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War).
* Date : 1517 | |
| 1519/02 | Spanish conquest of Mexico |
| The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (begun February 1519) was one of the most significant events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
* Date : 1519/02 ~ 1521/08/13 | |
| 1519/08/10 | Magellan, Voyage of circumnavigation |
| Ferdinand Magellan (/məˈɡɛlən/ or /məˈdʒɛlən/; Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães, IPA: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃w ðɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ]; Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes, IPA: [ferˈnando ðe maɣaˈʎanes]; c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano.
* Date : 1519/08/10 ~ 1522 | |
| 1521 | Jiajing wokou raids |
| The Jiajing wokou raids (嘉靖大倭寇) caused extensive damage to the coast of China in the 16th century, during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–67) in the Ming dynasty. The term 'wokou' originally referred to Japanese pirates who crossed the sea and raided Korea and China; however, by the mid-Ming, the wokou consisted of multinational crewmen that included the Japanese and the Portuguese, but a great majority of them were Chinese instead. Mid-Ming wokou activity began to pose a serious problem in the 1540s, reached its peak in 1555, and subsided by 1567, with the extent of the destruction spreading across the coastal regions of Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong.
* Date : 1521 ~ 1567 | |
| 1526 | Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine |
| The Iwami Ginzan (石見銀山?) was an underground silver mine in the city of Ōda, in Shimane Prefecture on the main island of Honshu, Japan. It was the largest silver mine in Japanese history. It was active for almost four hundred years, from its discovery in 1526 to its closing in 1923.
* Date : 1526 | |
| 1532 | Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire |
| The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 180 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, his brothers, and their native allies captured the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory in 1572 and colonization of the region as the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest of the Inca Empire led to spin-off campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia, as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin.
* Date : 1532 ~ 1572 | |
| 1543 | Heliocentrism |
| Nicolaus Copernicus published the definitive statement of his system in De Revolutionibus in 1543. Copernicus began to write it in 1506 and finished it in 1530, but did not publish it until the year of his death.
* Date : 1543 | |
| 1543 | Nanban trade |
| The Nanban trade (南蛮貿易 Nanban bōeki?, 'Southern barbarian trade') or the Nanban trade period (南蛮貿易時代 Nanban bōeki jidai?, 'Southern barbarian trade period') in the history of Japan extends from the arrival of the first Europeans – Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants – to Japan in 1543, to their near-total exclusion from the archipelago in 1614, under the promulgation of the 'Sakoku' Seclusion Edicts.
* Date : 1543 | |
| 1545/04/01 | Potosí Founded |
| Founded in 1545 as a mining town, it soon produced fabulous wealth, and the population eventually exceeded 200,000 people. The city gave rise to a Spanish expression, still in use: vale un Potosí, ('to be worth a Potosí') meaning 'to be of great value'. The rich mountain, Cerro Rico, produced an estimated 60% of all silver mined in the world during the second half of the 16th century.
* Date : 1545/04/01 | |
| 1550 | Altan Khan besieged Beijing |
| Altan Khan used his military strength to threaten the Ming dynasty of China. He led raids into inland China in 1529, 1530 and 1542 returning with plunder and livestock. In 1550 he crossed the Great Wall and besieged Beijing setting the suburbs on fire.
* Date : 1550 | |
| 1556/01/13 | 1556 Shaanxi earthquake |
| The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake (Chinese: 华县大地震; pinyin: Huáxiàn Dàdìzhèn) or Jiajing earthquake (Chinese: 嘉靖大地震; pinyin: Jiājìng Dàdìzhèn) was a catastrophic earthquake and is also the deadliest earthquake on record, killing approximately 830,000 people. It occurred on the morning of 23 January 1556 in Shaanxi, during the Ming Dynasty.
* Date : 1556/01/13 | |
| 1557 | Spanish Crown to declare bankruptcy |
| Spain had experienced severe financial difficulties in the later 16th century, that had caused the Spanish Crown to declare bankruptcy four times in the late 1500s (1557, 1560, 1576, 1596). However, the constant financial strain did not prevent the rise of Spanish power throughout the 16th century.
* Date : 1557 | |
| 1557 | Golden age of Genoese bankers |
| Genoa underwent something of a revival as a junior associate of the Spanish Empire, with Genoese bankers, in particular, financing many of the Spanish crown's foreign endeavors from their counting houses in Seville. Fernand Braudel has even called the period 1557 to 1627 the 'age of the Genoese', 'of a rule that was so discreet and sophisticated that historians for a long time failed to notice it' (Braudel 1984 p. 157), although the modern visitor passing brilliant Mannerist and Baroque palazzo facades along Genoa's Strada Nova (now Via Garibaldi) or via Balbi cannot fail to notice that there was conspicuous wealth, which in fact was not Genoese but concentrated in the hands of a tightly-knit circle of banker-financiers, true 'venture capitalists'. Genoa's trade, however, remained closely dependent on control of Mediterranean sealanes, and the loss of Chios to the Ottoman Empire (1566), struck a severe blow.
* Date : 1557 ~ 1627 | |
| 1568 | Dutch War of Independence |
| The Eighty Years' War (Dutch: Tachtigjarige Oorlog; Spanish: Guerra de los Ochenta Años) or Dutch War of Independence (1568–1648) was a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces against the political and religious hegemony of Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands.
* Date : 1568 ~ 1648 | |
| 1571/10/07 | Battle of Lepanto |
| The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement taking place on 7 October 1571 in which a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of European Catholic maritime states arranged by Pope Pius V, financed by Habsburg Spain and led by admiral Don John of Austria, decisively defeated the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras, where the Ottoman forces sailing westwards from their naval station in Lepanto (the Venetian name of ancient Naupactus Ναύπακτος, Ottoman İnebahtı) met the fleet of the Holy League sailing east from Messina, Sicily.
* Date : 1571/10/07 | |
| 1588/08/08 | Spanish Armada |
| The Spanish Armada (Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, literally 'Great and Most Fortunate Navy') was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.
* Date : 1588/08/08 | |
| 1590/08/12 | Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Unified Japan |
| The 1590 Siege of Odawara against the Hōjō clan in the Kantō region eliminated the last resistance to Hideyoshi's authority. His victory signified the end of the Sengoku period.
* Date : 1590/08/12 | |
| 1592/04/13 | Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) |
| The Japanese invasions of Korea comprised two separate yet linked operations: an initial invasion in 1592, a brief truce in 1596, and a second invasion in 1597. The conflict ended in 1598 with the withdrawal of the Japanese forces from the Korean Peninsula after a military stalemate in Korea's southern coastal provinces.
* Date : 1592/04/13 ~ 1598 | |
| 1600 | The General Crisis |
| The General Crisis is the term used by some historians to describe the period of widespread conflict and instability that occurred from the early 17th century to the early 18th century in Europe and in more recent historiography in the world at large. The concept is much debated by historians and there is no consensus.
* Date : 1600 ~ 1700 | |
| 1602 | Amsterdam Stock Exchange |
| The Amsterdam Stock Exchange was established in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or 'VOC') for dealings in its printed stocks and bonds. It was subsequently renamed the Amsterdam Bourse and was the first to formally begin trading in securities.
* Date : 1602 | |
| 1603/03/24 | Tokugawa shogunate(~1867) |
| The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府?) and the Edo bakufu (江戸幕府?), was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1603 and 1867. The head of government was the shogun, and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle and the years of the shogunate became known as the Edo period. This time is also called the Tokugawa period or pre-modern (Kinsei (近世?)).
* Date : 1603/03/24 | |
| 1616/02/17 | Nurhaci founded the Jin dynasty |
| In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan and founded the Jin dynasty (aisin gurun), often called the Later Jin in reference to the legacy of the earlier Jurchen Jin dynasty of the 12th century. He constructed a palace at Mukden (present-day Shenyang, Liaoning).
* Date : 1616/02/17 | |
| 1618/05/23 | Thirty Years' War |
| The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts, as well as the deadliest European religious war in history, resulting in eight million casualties.
* Date : 1618/05/23 ~ 1648/05/15 | |
| 1619/04/14 | Battle of Sarhu |
| The Battle of Sarhū (薩爾滸之戰, Sà'ěrhǔ zhī zhàn) refers to the series of conflicts between the Manchus of the Later Jin (later known as the Qing dynasty) and Ming dynasty of China in the winter of year 1619, which ended in the overwhelming victory for the Manchus.
* Date : 1619/04/14 | |
| 1620 | Mayflower, Arrival in America |
| The Mayflower was the ship that transported the first English Separatists, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth to the New World in 1620. There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated to have been about 30, but the exact number is unknown.
* Date : 1620 | |
| 1627 | First Manchu invasion of Korea |
| The first Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1627, when Hong Taiji led the Manchu army against Korea's Joseon dynasty. It was followed by the second Manchu invasion of Korea.
* Date : 1627 | |
| 1631 | Li Zicheng |
| Li Zicheng (22 September 1606 – 1645), born Li Hongji, nicknamed 'Dashing King', was a Chinese rebel leader who overthrew the Ming dynasty in 1644 and ruled over China briefly as the emperor of the short-lived Shun dynasty before his death a year later.
* Date : 1631 ~ 1645 | |
| 1636/12 | Second Manchu invasion of Korea |
| The second Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1636, when the Manchu Qing Empire defeated Korea's Joseon dynasty, forcing it to recognize the Qing Empire as the rightful dynasty of China, instead of the previous Ming Dynasty. It followed the first Manchu invasion of Korea of 1627.
* Date : 1636/12 | |
| 1637 | Descartes, Discourse on the Method |
| The Discourse on the Method (French: Discours de la méthode) is a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published by René Descartes in 1637. Its full name is Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences (French title: Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la vérité dans les sciences).
* Date : 1637 | |
| 1639 | Sakoku |
| Sakoku (鎖国?, 'closed country' but commonly translated as 'period of national isolation') was the foreign relations policy of Japan under which severe restrictions were placed on the entry of foreign nationals to Japan and Japanese nationals were forbidden to leave the country on penalty of death if they returned without special permission. The policy was enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and policies from 1633–39 and largely remained officially in effect until 1866, although the arrival of the American Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry which started the opening of Japan to Western trade eroded its enforcement severely.
* Date : 1639 | |
| 1642/08/22 | English Civil War |
| The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ('Roundheads') and Royalists ('Cavaliers') over, principally, the manner of England's government. The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
* Date : 1642/08/22 ~ 1651/09/03 | |
| 1644 | The fall of the Ming and the Qing takeover |
| The fall of the Ming dynasty was largely caused by a combination of factors. Kenneth Swope argues that one key factor was deteriorating relations between Ming Royalty and the Ming Empire's military leadership. Other factors include repeated military expeditions to the North, inflationary pressures caused by spending too much from the imperial treasury, natural disasters and epidemics of disease. Contributing further to the chaos was a peasant rebellion in Beijing in 1644 and a series of weak emperors. Ming power would hold out in what is now southern China for years, though eventually would be overtaken by the Manchus.
* Date : 1644 | |
| 1648/10/24 | Peace of Westphalia |
| The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede) was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, effectively ending the European wars of religion. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.
* Date : 1648/10/24 | |
| 1651 | Navigation Acts |
| The Navigation Acts were a series of English laws that restricted colonial trade to the mother country. They were first enacted in 1651 and throughout that time until 1663, and were repealed in 1849. They reflected the policy of mercantilism, which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire, and to minimise the loss of gold and silver to foreigners. They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies.
* Date : 1651 | |
| 1652 | First Anglo-Dutch War |
| The First Anglo-Dutch War (Dutch: Eerste Engels-Nederlandse oorlog) (1652–54) was a conflict fought entirely at sea between the navies of the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands. Caused by disputes over trade, the war began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping, but expanded to vast fleet actions. Ultimately, it resulted in the English Navy gaining control of the seas around England, and forced the Dutch to accept an English monopoly on trade with England and her colonies. It was the first of the Anglo-Dutch Wars.
* Date : 1652 ~ 1654/04 | |
| 1687/07/05 | Newton's law of universal gravitation |
| Sir Isaac Newton PRS (/ˈnjuːtən/; 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (described in his own day as a 'natural philosopher') who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ('Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy'), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics.
* Date : 1687/07/05 | |
| 1688 | Glorious Revolution |
| The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange. William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascension of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England, James's daughter, in conjunction with the documentation of the Bill of Rights 1689.
* Date : 1688 | |
| 1689/08/27 | Treaty of Nerchinsk |
| The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 (Russian: Нерчинский договор, Nerčinskij dogovor; simplified Chinese: 尼布楚条约; traditional Chinese: 尼布楚條約; pinyin: Níbùchǔ Tiáoyuē, Xiao'erjing: نِبُچُ تِيَوْيُؤ) was the first treaty between Russia and China. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River as far as the Stanovoy Mountains and kept the area between the Argun River and Lake Baikal. This border along the Argun River and Stanovoy Mountains lasted until the Amur Annexation in 1860. For background see History of Sino-Russian relations.
* Date : 1689/08/27 | |
| 1700 | Great Northern War |
| The Great Northern War (1700–21) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe.
* Date : 1700 ~ 1721 | |
| 1701 | War of the Spanish Succession |
| The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II.
* Date : 1701 ~ 1714 | |
| 1701/01/18 | Kingdom of Prussia |
| The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918. It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in 1871 and was the leading state of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918. Although it took its name from the region called Prussia, it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Its capital was Berlin.
* Date : 1701/01/18 | |
| 1735 | Linnaeus, Systema Naturae |
| One of the first scientists Linnaeus met in the Netherlands was Johan Frederik Gronovius to whom Linnaeus showed one of the several manuscripts he had brought with him from Sweden. The manuscript described a new system for classifying plants. When Gronovius saw it, he was very impressed, and offered to help pay for the printing. With an additional monetary contribution by the Scottish doctor Isaac Lawson, the manuscript was published as Systema Naturae (1735).
* Date : 1735 | |
| 1738 | Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire |
| Emperor Nader Shah, the Shah of Persia (1736–47) and the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia, invaded the Mughal Empire, eventually attacking Delhi in March 1739. His army had easily defeated the Mughals at the battle at Karnal and would eventually capture the Mughal capital in the aftermath of the battle.
* Date : 1738 ~ 1740 | |
| 1740/12/16 | War of the Austrian Succession |
| The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to the Habsburg Monarchy. The war included King George's War in British America, the War of Jenkins' Ear (which formally began on 23 October 1739), the First Carnatic War in India, the Jacobite rising of 1745 in Scotland, and the First and Second Silesian Wars.
* Date : 1740/12/16 ~ 1748/10/18 | |
| 1744 | Netherlands, Financial-Expansion |
| Amsterdam in this way became the 18th-century hub of international finance, in tandem with London. The Amsterdam and London stock exchanges were closely aligned and quoted each other's stocks and bonds (Britain often used the Dutch financial institutions to pay subsidies to its allies and to settle its exchange bills in the Russian trade).
* Date : 1744 | |
| 1756/08 | Seven Years' War |
| The Seven Years' War was a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines.
* Date : 1756/08 ~ 1763/02/10 | |
| 1757/06/23 | Battle of Plassey |
| The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French[1] allies on 23 June 1757. The battle consolidated the Company's presence in Bengal, which later expanded to cover much of India over the next hundred years.
* Date : 1757/06/23 | |
| 1759 | Xinjiang under Qing rule |
| Xinjiang under Qing rule refers to the Qing dynasty's rule over Xinjiang from the late 1750s to 1912. In the history of Xinjiang, the Qing rule was established in the final phase of the Dzungar–Qing War when the Dzungar Khanate was conquered by the Qing dynasty established by the Manchus in China, and lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
* Date : 1759 | |
| 1760 | Industrial Revolution |
| The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system.
* Date : 1760 | |
| 1775/04/19 | American Revolutionary War |
| The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also referred to as the American War of Independence and the Revolutionary War in the United States, was an armed conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies that after onset of the war declared independence as the United States of America.
* Date : 1775/04/19 ~ 1783/09/03 | |
| 1776 | Watt steam engine |
| James Watt FRS FRSE (30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) – 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world.
* Date : 1776 | |
| 1776/03/09 | The Wealth of Nations |
| An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1776, the book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth, and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. By reflecting upon the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the book touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets.
* Date : 1776/03/09 | |
| 1780/12/20 | Fourth Anglo-Dutch War |
| The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784) was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic. The war, contemporary with the War of the American Independence, broke out over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war.
* Date : 1780/12/20 ~ 1784/05 | |
| 1782 | Great Tenmei famine |
| The Great Tenmei famine (天明の大飢饉, Tenmei no daikikin) was a famine which affected Japan during the Edo period. It is considered to have begun in 1782, and lasted until 1788. It was named after the Tenmei era (1781–1789), during the reign of Emperor Kōkaku. The ruling shoguns during the famine were Tokugawa Ieharu and Tokugawa Ienari. The famine was the deadliest one during the early modern period in Japan.
* Date : 1782 ~ 1788 | |
| 1789 | The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848 |
| The Age of Revolution: Europe: 1789–1848 is a book by Eric Hobsbawm, first published in 1962.
* Date : 1789 ~ 1848 | |
| 1789/07/14 | French Revolution |
| The French Revolution (French: Révolution française [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire.
* Date : 1789/07/14 | |
| 1794 | Qajar dynasty(~1925) |
| The Qajar dynasty (About this sound listen (help·info); Persian: سلسله قاجار Selsele-ye Qājār; also romanised as Ghajar, Kadjar, Qachar etc.; Azerbaijani: قاجارلر Qacarlar) was an Iranian royal dynasty of Turkic origin, specifically from the Qajar tribe, which ruled Persia (Iran) from 1785 to 1925.
* Date : 1794 | |
| 1794/05/08 | Lavoisier, father of modern chemistry |
| Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution; French pronunciation: [ɑ̃twan lɔʁɑ̃ də lavwazje]; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794;) was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely considered in popular literature as the 'father of modern chemistry'.
* Date : 1794/05/08 | |
| 1796 | Smallpox vaccine |
| Smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine to be developed, was introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796.
* Date : 1796 | |
| 1796 | White Lotus Rebellion |
| The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: 川楚白蓮教起義; pinyin: Chuān chŭ bái lián jiào qǐ yì, 1796–1806) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces.
* Date : 1796 ~ 1806 | |
| 1803/05/18 | Napoleonic Wars |
| The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, primarily led and financed by the United Kingdom.
* Date : 1803/05/18 ~ 1815/11/20 | |
| 1804/05/18 | Napoleon, Emperor of the French |
| Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815.
* Date : 1804/05/18 | |
| 1805/10/21 | Battle of Trafalgar |
| The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).
* Date : 1805/10/21 | |
| 1806/08/06 | Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire |
| The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred de facto on 6 August 1806, when the Emperor Francis II abdicated his title and released all imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the empire. Although the abdication was considered legal, the dissolution of the imperial bonds was not and several states refused to recognise the end of the empire at the time.
* Date : 1806/08/06 | |
| 1806/11/21 | Continental System |
| The Continental System or Continental Blockade (known in French as Blocus continental) was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. As a response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree on 21 November 1806, which brought into effect a large-scale embargo against British trade.
* Date : 1806/11/21 | |
| 1814/04/06 | Napoleon abdication |
| Bowing to the inevitable, on 4 April Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie-Louise as regent. However, the Allies refused to accept this under prodding from Alexander, who feared that Napoleon might find an excuse to retake the throne. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication only two days later.
* Date : 1814/04/06 | |
| 1814/11 | Congress of Vienna |
| The Congress of Vienna (German: Wiener Kongress) was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.
* Date : 1814/11 ~ 1815/06 | |
| 1815/04/10 | 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora |
| The 1815 Eruption of Mount Tambora was one of the most powerful eruptions in recorded history and is the most recent known VEI-7 event. The eruption of the volcano, on the island of Sumbawa in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia), reached a climax on 10 April 1815 and was followed by between six months and three years of increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions.
* Date : 1815/04/10 | |
| 1815/06/18 | Battle of Waterloo |
| The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: an Anglo-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt.
* Date : 1815/06/18 | |
| 1815/09/26 | Holy Alliance |
| The Holy Alliance (German: Heilige Allianz; Russian: Священный союз, Svyashchennyy soyuz; also called the Grand Alliance) was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia. It was created after the ultimate defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815.
* Date : 1815/09/26 | |
| 1816 | Britain, Gold standard |
| A formal gold specie standard was first established in 1821, when Britain adopted it following the introduction of the gold sovereign by the new Royal Mint at Tower Hill in 1816.
* Date : 1816 | |
| 1816 | Year Without a Summer |
| The year 1816 is known as the Year Without a Summer (also the Poverty Year, the Summer that Never Was, Year There Was No Summer, and Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death) because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0.4–0.7 °C (0.7–1.3 °F). This resulted in major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere.
* Date : 1816 ~ 1816/12/31 | |
| 1817/01/01 | 1817–1824 cholera pandemic |
| The first cholera pandemic (1817–1824), also known as the first Asiatic cholera pandemic or Asiatic cholera, began near the city of Calcutta and spread throughout South and Southeast Asia to the Middle East, eastern Africa and the Mediterranean coast. While cholera had spread across India many times previously, this outbreak went further; it reached as far as China and the Mediterranean Sea before subsiding. Millions of people died as a result of this pandemic, including many British soldiers, which attracted European attention.
* Date : 1817/01/01 ~ 1824/12/31 | |
| 1823/12/02 | Monroe Doctrine |
| The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as 'the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States'.
* Date : 1823/12/02 | |
| 1825/01/18 | Locomotion No. 1 |
| Locomotion No. 1 (originally named Active) is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway. Built by George and Robert Stephenson's company Robert Stephenson and Company in 1825.
* Date : 1825/01/18 | |
| 1830/07/26 | July Revolution |
| The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, Second French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would in turn be overthrown in 1848.
* Date : 1830/07/26 | |
| 1834 | Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 |
| The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 (PLAA), known widely as the New Poor Law, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed by the Whig government of Earl Grey. It completely replaced earlier legislation based on the Poor Law of 1601 and attempted to fundamentally change the poverty relief system in England and Wales (Scotland made similar changes to its poor law in 1845).
* Date : 1834 | |
| 1839/11/03 | First Opium War |
| The First Opium War (第一次鴉片戰爭, 1839–42), also known as the Opium War and the Anglo-Chinese War, was fought between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice for foreign nationals in China.
* Date : 1839/11/03 ~ 1842/08/29 | |
| 1842/08/29 | Treaty of Nanking |
| The Treaty of Nanking or Nanjing was a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842. It was the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties on the ground that Britain had no obligations in return.
* Date : 1842/08/29 | |
| 1844/07/19 | Bank Charter Act 1844 |
| The Bank Charter Act 1844 (7 & 8 Vict. c. 32), sometimes referred to as the Peel Banking Act of 1844, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed under the government of Robert Peel, which restricted the powers of British banks and gave exclusive note-issuing powers to the central Bank of England.
* Date : 1844/07/19 | |
| 1845 | Great Famine (Ireland) |
| The Great Famine or the Great Hunger was a period of mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1849.
* Date : 1845 ~ 1849 | |
| 1846/01/01 | 1846–1860 cholera pandemic |
| The third cholera pandemic (1846–1860) was the third major outbreak of cholera originating in India in the nineteenth century that reached far beyond its borders, which researchers at UCLA believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863. In Russia, more than one million people died of cholera. In 1853–54, the epidemic in London claimed over 10,000 lives, and there were 23,000 deaths for all of Great Britain. This pandemic was considered to have the highest fatalities of the 19th-century epidemics.
* Date : 1846/01/01 ~ 1860/12/31 | |
| 1846/04/25 | Mexican–American War |
| The Mexican–American War, also known as the Mexican War, the U.S.–Mexican War or the Invasion of Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 US annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory, despite the 1836 Texas Revolution.
* Date : 1846/04/25 ~ 1848/02/03 | |
| 1846/05/16 | Corn Laws repealed |
| 'Corn' included any grain that requires grinding, especially wheat. The laws were introduced by the Importation Act 1815 (55 Geo. 3 c. 26) and repealed by the Importation Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. 22). The laws are often considered examples of British mercantilism.
* Date : 1846/05/16 | |
| 1848/02/21 | The Communist Manifesto |
| The Communist Manifesto (originally Manifesto of the Communist Party) is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London (in German as Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) just as the revolutions of 1848 began to erupt, the Manifesto was later recognised as one of the world's most influential political manuscripts. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and then-present) and the problems of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production, rather than a prediction of communism's potential future forms.
* Date : 1848/02/21 | |
| 1848 | The Age of Capital: 1848–1875 |
| The Age of Capital: 1848–1875 is a book by Eric Hobsbawm, first published in 1975. It is the second in a trilogy of books about 'the long 19th century' (coined by Hobsbawm), preceded by The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848 and followed by The Age of Empire: 1875–1914. A fourth book, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991, acts as a sequel to the trilogy.
* Date : 1848 ~ 1875 | |
| 1848/01/24 | California Gold Rush |
| The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The first to hear confirmed information of the gold rush were the people in Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), and Latin America, and they were the first to start flocking to the state in late 1848. All in all, the news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. Of the 300,000, approximately half arrived by sea and half came overland on the California Trail and the Gila River trail.
* Date : 1848/01/24 ~ 1855 | |
| 1848/02/23 | Revolutions of 1848 |
| The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, People's Spring, Springtime of the Peoples, or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history.
* Date : 1848/02/23 ~ 1849 | |
| 1851 | Taiping Heavenly Kingdom |
| The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was an oppositional state in China from 1851 to 1864, supporting the overthrow of the Qing dynasty by Hong Xiuquan and his followers. The unsuccessful war it waged against the Qing is known as the Taiping Rebellion. Its capital was at Tianjing (present-day Nanjing).
* Date : 1851 ~ 1864/07 | |
| 1853/10 | Crimean War |
| The Crimean War was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to March 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.
* Date : 1853/10 ~ 1856/03/30 | |
| 1854/03/31 | Convention of Kanagawa |
| On March 31, 1854, the Convention of Kanagawa (Japanese: 日米和親条約 Hepburn: Nichibei Washin Jōyaku?, 'Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity') or Kanagawa Treaty (神奈川条約 Kanagawa Jōyaku?) was the first treaty between the United States of America and the Tokugawa Shogunate. Signed under threat of force, it effectively meant the end of Japan’s 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (sakoku), by opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American vessels. It also ensured the safety of American castaways and established the position of an American consul in Japan. The treaty also precipitated the signing of similar treaties establishing diplomatic relations with other western powers.
* Date : 1854/03/31 | |
| 1856/10/08 | Second Opium War |
| The Second Opium War, the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war pitting the British Empire and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China, lasting from 1856 to 1860.
* Date : 1856/10/08 ~ 1860/10/24 | |
| 1857/05/10 | Indian Rebellion of 1857 |
| The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a rebellion in India against the rule of the British East India Company, that ran from May 1857 to July 1859.
* Date : 1857/05/10 ~ 1859/07/08 | |
| 1858/09/08 | British Raj |
| The British Raj (/rɑːdʒ/; from rāj, literally, 'rule' in Hindustani) was the rule of the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India.
* Date : 1858/09/08 | |
| 1859/11/24 | On the Origin of Species |
| On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),[3] published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.
* Date : 1859/11/24 | |
| 1860/10/24 | Convention of Peking |
| The Convention or First Convention of Peking, sometimes now known as the Convention of Beijing, is an agreement comprising three distinct treaties concluded between the Qing Empire (China) and the United Kingdom, France, and Russia in 1860. In China, they are regarded as among the unequal treaties. The original copy of the Convention is kept in the National Palace Museum in Taiwan.
* Date : 1860/10/24 | |
| 1861 | Self-Strengthening Movement |
| The Self-Strengthening Movement (洋務運動), c. 1861 – 1895, was a period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers.
* Date : 1861 | |
| 1861/04/12 | American Civil War |
| The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States fought from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America. The Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U.S. history.
* Date : 1861/04/12 ~ 1865/05/09 | |
| 1863/12/13 | Heungseon Daewongun |
| Heungseon Daewongun (흥선대원군, 21 December 1820 – 22 February 1898) or The Daewongun (대원군), Guktaegong (국태공, 'The Great Archduke') or formally Heungseon Heonui Daewonwang (흥선헌의대원왕) and also known to contemporary western diplomats as Prince Gung, was the title of Yi Ha-eung, regent of Joseon during the minority of Emperor Gojong in the 1860s and until his death a key political figure of late Joseon Korea.
* Date : 1863/12/13 | |
| 1866 | Rothschild family, Golden Age |
| During the 19th century, the Rothschild family possessed the largest private fortune in the world, as well as the largest private fortune in modern world history. The family's wealth was divided among various descendants and today their interests cover a diverse range of fields, including financial services, real estate, mining, energy, mixed farming, winemaking and nonprofits. The Rothschild family has frequently been the subject of conspiracy theories, many of which are antisemitic in nature.
* Date : 1866 ~ 1931 | |
| 1866/10/25 | French campaign against Korea |
| The French campaign against Korea was an 1866 punitive expedition undertaken by the Second French Empire in retaliation for the earlier Korean execution of several French Catholic missionaries.
* Date : 1866/10/25 | |
| 1867/05/29 | Austria-Hungary |
| Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and was dissolved following its defeat in the First World War.
* Date : 1867/05/29 | |
| 1868/01/03 | Meiji Restoration |
| The Meiji Restoration (明治維新 Meiji Ishin?), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Although there were Emperors before the Meiji Restoration, the events restored practical abilities and consolidated the political system under the Emperor of Japan.
* Date : 1868/01/03 ~ 1889 | |
| 1869/05/10 | Transcontinental railroad |
| In the United States of America, a series of transcontinental railroads built over the last third of the 19th century created a nationwide transportation network that united the country by rail. The first of these, the 3,103-kilometre (1,928 mi) 'Pacific Railroad', was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad to link the San Francisco Bay at Alameda, California with the nation's existing eastern railroad network at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska thereby creating the world's first transcontinental railroad when it opened in 1869.
* Date : 1869/05/10 | |
| 1869/11/17 | Suez Canal |
| The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. It was constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869. After 10 years of construction, it was officially opened on November 17, 1869.
* Date : 1869/11/17 | |
| 1870/07/19 | Franco-Prussian War |
| The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, French: Guerre franco-allemande), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.
* Date : 1870/07/19 ~ 1871/05/10 | |
| 1871/01/18 | Unification of Germany |
| The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
* Date : 1871/01/18 | |
| 1871/06/10 | United States expedition to Korea |
| The United States expedition to Korea, the Shinmiyangyo, or simply the Korean Expedition, in 1871, was the first American military action in Korea.
* Date : 1871/06/10 | |
| 1873/10/01 | Long Depression |
| The Long Depression was a worldwide price and economic recession, beginning in 1873 and running either through the spring of 1879, or 1896, depending on the metrics used.
* Date : 1873/10/01 ~ 1896/3/31 | |
| 1875 | The Age of Empire |
| The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 is a book by the British historian Eric Hobsbawm, published in 1987.
* Date : 1875 ~ 1914 | |
| 1876 | Great Famine of 1876–1878 |
| The Great Famine of 1876–1878 was a famine in India under British Crown rule. It began in 1876 after an intense drought resulted in crop failure in the Deccan Plateau. It affected south and Southwestern India—the British-administered presidencies of Madras and Bombay, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad—for a period of two years. In 1877, famine came to affect regions northward, including parts of the Central Provinces and the North-Western Provinces, and a small area in Punjab. The famine ultimately affected an area of 670,000 square kilometres and caused distress to a population totalling 58,500,000.
* Date : 1876 ~ 1878 | |
| 1876 | Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 |
| The Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 (Chinese: 丁戊奇荒) was marked by drought-induced crop failures and subsequent widespread starvation. Between 9.5 and 13 million people in China died mostly in Shanxi province (5.5 million dead), but also in Zhili (now Hebei, 2.5 million dead), Henan (1 million) and Shandong (0.5 million).
* Date : 1876 ~ 1879 | |
| 1876/02/27 | Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 |
| Korean ports are formally opened under the Treaty of Ganghwa with Imperial Japan.
* Date : 1876/02/27 | |
| 1878/07/13 | Congress of Berlin |
| The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano, which had been signed three months earlier between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
* Date : 1878/07/13 | |
| 1879/10/07 | Dual Alliance (1879) |
| The Dual Alliance was a defensive alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary, which was created by treaty on October 7th, 1879 as part of Germany's Otto von Bismarck's system of alliances to prevent or limit war.
* Date : 1879/10/07 | |
| 1879/10/22 | Edison, Electric light |
| After many experiments, first with carbon filaments and then with platinum and other metals, in the end, Edison returned to a carbon filament. The first successful test was on October 22, 1879; it lasted 13.5 hours.
* Date : 1879/10/22 | |
| 1882/05/20 | Triple Alliance (1882) |
| The Triple Alliance, also known as the Triplice, was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until World War I.
* Date : 1882/05/20 | |
| 1882/09 | Egypt under the British |
| The history of Egypt under the British lasts from 1882, when it was occupied by British forces during the Anglo-Egyptian War, until 1956, when the last British forces withdrew in accordance with the Anglo-Egyptian agreement of 1954 after the Suez Crisis.
* Date : 1882/09 | |
| 1882/10/04 | China–Korea Treaty of 1882 |
| The China–Korea Treaty of 1882 (中朝商民水陸貿易章程, 조청상민수륙무역장정) was negotiated between representatives of the Qing Dynasty and the Joseon Dynasty in October 1882. This agreement has been described as the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules; and it has been called the Sino-Korean Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade. The treaty remained in effect until 1895. After 1895, China lost its influence over Korea because of the First Sino-Japanese War.
* Date : 1882/10/04 | |
| 1884/08 | Sino-French War |
| The Sino-French War (中法戰爭), also known as the Tonkin War and Tonquin War, was a limited conflict fought from August 1884 through April 1885, to decide whether France would supplant China's control of Tonkin (northern Vietnam).
* Date : 1884/08 ~ 1885/04 | |
| 1884/12/04 | Gapsin Coup |
| Kim Okgyun leads the Gapsin coup. In 3 days, Chinese forces are able to overwhelm the Progressives and their Japanese supporters.
* Date : 1884/12/04 | |
| 1890/03/18 | Bismarck Resignation |
| Bismarck resigned at Wilhelm II's insistence on 18 March 1890, at the age of seventy-five.
* Date : 1890/03/18 | |
| 1894/01/04 | Franco-Russian Alliance |
| The Franco-Russian Alliance, or Russo-French Rapprochement, was an alliance formed by the agreements of 1891–94; it lasted until 1917. The strengthening of the German Empire, the creation of the Triple Alliance of 1882, and the exacerbation of Franco-German and Russo-German contradictions at the end of the 1880s led to a common foreign policy and mutual strategic military interests between France and Russia.
* Date : 1894/01/04 | |
| 1894/01/11 | Donghak Peasant Revolution |
| Donghak Rebellion prompts the First Sino-Japanese War and Gabo Reforms.
* Date : 1894/01/11 ~ 1895/03/29 | |
| 1894/08/01 | First Sino-Japanese War |
| The First Sino-Japanese War (1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was fought between the Qing Empire and the Empire of Japan, primarily over influence of Korea. After more than six months of unbroken successes by Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the port of Weihaiwei, the Qing government sued for peace in February 1895.
* Date : 1894/08/01 ~ 1895/04/17 | |
| 1895/04/23 | Triple Intervention |
| The Tripartite Intervention or Triple Intervention (三国干渉) was a diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany, and France on 23 April 1895 over the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki signed between Japan and Qing Dynasty China that ended the First Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese reaction against the Triple Intervention was one of the underlying causes of the subsequent Russo-Japanese War.
* Date : 1895/04/23 | |
| 1896 | Belle Epoque |
| The Belle Époque was so named in retrospect, when it began to be considered a "Golden Age" in contrast to the horrors of World War I. The Belle Époque was a period in which, according to historian R. R. Palmer: "European civilisation achieved its greatest power in global politics, and also exerted its maximum influence upon peoples outside Europe."
* Date : 1896 ~ 1914/07/28 | |
| 1896/02/11 | Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation |
| Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation also called Agwan Pacheon in Korean, occurred after the First Sino-Japanese War during a period of factional confrontation within the Korean royal court. King Gojong of the Joseon Dynasty and his crown prince took refuge from the Gyeongbok Palace at the Russian legation in Seoul, from which they controlled the Korean government for about one year from February 11, 1896 to February 20, 1897.
* Date : 1896/02/11 ~ 1897/02/20 | |
| 1896/03/08 | Daimler Motorcoach 1886 |
| On 8 March 1886, Daimler and Maybach secretly brought an American Model coach made by Wilhelm Wimpff and Sohn into the house, telling the neighbors it was a birthday gift for Mrs. Daimler. Maybach supervised the installation of a larger 1.1 hp 462 cc (28 cu in) (70 mm × 120 mm, 2.8 in × 4.7 in) version of the Grandfather Clock engine into this stagecoach and it became the first four-wheeled vehicle to reach 16 kilometres per hour (10 mph).
* Date : 1896/03/08 | |
| 1896/06/03 | Sino–Russian Secret Treaty |
| The Li–Lobanov Treaty or the Sino–Russian Secret Treaty (中俄密约) was a secret and unequal treaty signed on June 3, 1896 in Moscow by foreign minister Alexey Lobanov-Rostovsky on behalf of the Russian Empire and viceroy Li Hongzhang on behalf of Qing China. The contents of the agreement were made public only in 1922.
* Date : 1896/06/03 | |
| 1897/10/12 | Korean Empire |
| The Korean Empire was proclaimed in October 1897, after the Donghak Peasant Revolution of 1894 to 1895 and Gabo Reforms that swept the country from 1894 to 1896. It lasted until the annexation of Korea by Japan in August 1910.
* Date : 1897/10/12 | |
| 1898/03/26 | Anglo-German naval arms race |
| The arms race between Great Britain and Germany that occurred from the last decade of the nineteenth century until the advent of World War I in 1914 was one of the intertwined causes of that conflict.
* Date : 1898/03/26 | |
| 1898/04/21 | Spanish–American War |
| The Spanish–American War was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898.
* Date : 1898/04/21 ~ 1898/08/13 | |
| 1898/06/11 | Hundred Days' Reform |
| The Hundred Days' Reform was a failed 103-day national, cultural, political, and educational reform movement from 11 June to 21 September 1898 in late Qing dynasty China. It was undertaken by the young Guangxu Emperor and his reform-minded supporters. The movement proved to be short-lived, ending in a coup d'état ('The Coup of 1898', Wuxu Coup) by powerful conservative opponents led by Empress Dowager Cixi.
* Date : 1898/06/11 ~ 1898/09/21 | |
| 1899/11/02 | Boxer Rebellion |
| The Boxer Rebellion, Boxer Uprising or Yihetuan Movement was a violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty. It was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness (Yihetuan), known in English as the 'Boxers', and was motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments and opposition to Western colonialism and associated Christian missionary activity.
* Date : 1899/11/02 ~ 1901/09/07 | |
| 1900/07 | Russian invasion of Manchuria |
| By 21 September, Russian troops took Jilin and Liaodong, and by the end of the month completely occupied Manchuria, where their presence was a major factor leading to the Russo-Japanese War.
* Date : 1900/07 | |
| 1900/12/14 | Quantum mechanics |
| Quantum mechanics gradually arose from Max Planck's solution in 1900 to the black-body radiation problem (reported 1859) and Albert Einstein's 1905 paper which offered a quantum-based theory to explain the photoelectric effect (reported 1887).
* Date : 1900/12/14 | |
| 1902/01/30 | Anglo-Japanese Alliance |
| The first Anglo-Japanese Alliance (日英同盟) was signed in London at Lansdowne House, on 30 January 1902, by Lord Lansdowne (British foreign secretary) and Hayashi Tadasu (Japanese minister in London). A diplomatic milestone that saw an end to Britain's splendid isolation, the alliance was renewed and expanded in scope twice, in 1905 and 1911, before its demise in 1921. It was officially terminated in 1923.
* Date : 1902/01/30 | |
| 1903 | Berlin–Baghdad railway |
| The Baghdad railway, also known as the Berlin–Baghdad railway, was built from 1910 to 1940 to connect Berlin with the then Ottoman city of Baghdad, from where the Germans wanted to establish a port on the Persian Gulf, with a 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.
* Date : 1903 | |
| 1903/12/17 | Wright brothers, Flights |
| The Wright brothers, Orville (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948) and Wilbur (April 16, 1867 – May 30, 1912), were two American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane. They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
* Date : 1903/12/17 | |
| 1904 | Roosevelt Corollary |
| The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903. The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between the European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.
* Date : 1904 | |
| 1904/02/08 | Russo-Japanese War |
| The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria and the seas around Korea, Japan and the Yellow Sea.
* Date : 1904/02/08 ~ 1905/09/05 | |
| 1904/04/08 | Entente Cordiale |
| The Entente Cordiale was a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom and the French Republic which saw a significant improvement in Anglo-French relations.
* Date : 1904/04/08 | |
| 1905/01/22 | 1905 Russian Revolution |
| The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It led to constitutional reform (namely the "October Manifesto"), including the establishment of the State Duma, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906.
* Date : 1905/01/22 ~ 1907/07/16 | |
| 1905/06 | Special relativity |
| In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted and experimentally well-confirmed physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time. It was originally proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper 'On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'.
* Date : 1905/06 | |
| 1905/07/29 | Taft–Katsura agreement |
| The Taft–Katsura Agreement (桂・タフト協定, also known as the Taft Katsura Memorandum) was a 1905 discussion (not an agreement) between senior leaders of Japan and the United States regarding the positions of the two nations in greater East Asian affairs, especially regarding the status of Korea and Philippines in the aftermath of Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War. It was not an 'agreement' and did not set out any new policies, but a memorandum. The memorandum was not classified as a secret but no scholar noticed it in the archives until 1924.
* Date : 1905/07/29 | |
| 1905/11/17 | Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 |
| The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905, also known as the Eulsa Treaty or Japan–Korea Protectorate Treaty, was made between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1905. Korea became the protectorate of Imperial Japan.
* Date : 1905/11/17 | |
| 1907/08/31 | Anglo-Russian Convention |
| The Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, or Convention between the United Kingdom and Russia relating to Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet, was signed on August 31, 1907, in St. Petersburg, Russia. It ended the longstanding rivalry in Central Asia and enabled the two countries to outflank the Germans, who were threatening to connect Berlin to Baghdad with a new railroad that would probably align the Ottoman Empire with Germany.
* Date : 1907/08/31 | |
| 1907/10 | Panic of 1907 |
| The Panic of 1907 – also known as the 1907 Bankers' Panic or Knickerbocker Crisis – was a United States financial crisis that took place over a three-week period starting in mid-October, when the New York Stock Exchange fell almost 50% from its peak the previous year. Panic occurred, as this was during a time of economic recession, and there were numerous runs on banks and trust companies. The 1907 panic eventually spread throughout the nation when many state and local banks and businesses entered bankruptcy.
* Date : 1907/10 | |
| 1908/05/26 | Iran Oil |
| The history of Iran’s oil industry began in 1901, when British speculator William D’Arcy received a concession from Iran to explore and develop southern Iran’s oil resources. The discovery of oil in 1908 led to the formation in 1909 of the London-based Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC).
* Date : 1908/05/26 | |
| 1908/07 | Young Turk Revolution |
| The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908) of the Ottoman Empire took place when the Young Turk movement forced Sultan Abdulhamid II to restore the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and ushered in multi-party politics within the Empire. From the Young Turk Revolution to the Empire's end marks the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire's history.
* Date : 1908/07 | |
| 1908/10/06 | Bosnian Crisis |
| The Bosnian Crisis of 1908–09, also known as the Annexation crisis or the First Balkan Crisis, erupted in early October 1908 when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire.
* Date : 1908/10/06 | |
| 1910/08/29 | Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 |
| The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, also known as the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty, was made by representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire on August 22, 1910. In this treaty, Japan formally annexed Korea following the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 by which Korea became the protectorate of Japan and Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 by which Korea was deprived of the administration of internal affairs.
* Date : 1910/08/29 | |
| 1911/09/29 | Italo-Turkish War |
| The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912. As a result of this conflict, Italy captured the Ottoman Tripolitania Vilayet (province), of which the main sub-provinces (sanjaks) were Fezzan, Cyrenaica, and Tripoli itself. These territories became the colonies of Italian Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, which would later merge into Italian Libya.
* Date : 1911/09/29 ~ 1912/10/18 | |
| 1911/10/10 | Xinhai Revolution |
| The Xinhai Revolution (辛亥革命), also known as the Chinese Revolution or the Revolution of 1911 was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty (the Qing dynasty), and established the Republic of China (ROC).
* Date : 1911/10/10 ~ 1912/02/12 | |
| 1912/01/01 | Republic of China (1912–49) |
| The Republic of China was a state in East Asia from 1912 to 1949. It largely occupied the present-day territories of China, Taiwan, and, for some of its history, Mongolia. As an era of Chinese history, it was preceded by the last imperial dynasty of China, the Qing dynasty, and ended with the Chinese Civil War.
* Date : 1912/01/01 | |
| 1912/10/08 | Balkan Wars |
| The Balkan Wars consisted of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Four Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire in the first war; one of the four, Bulgaria, suffered defeat in the second war.
* Date : 1912/10/08 ~ 1913/07/18 | |
| 1913/12/23 | Federal Reserve System |
| The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act in response to a series of financial panics (particularly the panic of 1907) that showed the need for central control of the monetary system if crises were to be avoided.
* Date : 1913/12/23 | |
| 1914/07/28 | World War I |
| World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history.
* Date : 1914/07/28 ~ 1918/11/11 | |
| 1914/08/15 | Panama Canal |
| France began work on the canal in 1881 but stopped due to engineering problems and a high worker mortality rate. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal on August 15, 1914.
* Date : 1914/08/15 | |
| 1915/11 | General relativity |
| General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
* Date : 1915/11 | |
| 1916 | Trans-Siberian Railway |
| The Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR) is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East. With a length of 9,289 kilometres (5,772 miles), it is the longest railway line in the world. There are connecting branch lines into Mongolia, China and North Korea. It has connected Moscow with Vladivostok since 1916, and is still being expanded.
* Date : 1916 | |
| 1917/11/07 | Russian Revolution |
| The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.
* Date : 1917/11/07 | |
| 1917/11/07 | Russian Civil War |
| The Russian Civil War (November 1917 – October 1922) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.
* Date : 1917/11/07 ~ 1922/10/25 | |
| 1918/02 | Spanish flu |
| The Spanish flu, also known as the 1918 influenza pandemic, was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. Lasting from February 1918 to April 1920, it infected 500 million people – about a third of the world's population at the time – in four successive waves.
* Date : 1918/02 ~ 1920/04/30 | |
| 1919/01/18 | Paris Peace Conference, 1919 |
| The Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting of the Allied victors, following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities.
* Date : 1919/01/18 ~ 1920/01/21 | |
| 1919/03/01 | March 1st Movement |
| The March 1st Movement, also known as Sam-il (3·1) Movement was one of the earliest public displays of Korean resistance during the ruling of Korea by Japan. The name refers to an event that occurred on March 1, 1919, hence the movement's name, literally meaning 'Three-One Movement' or 'March First Movement' in Korean. It is also sometimes referred to as the Man-se Demonstrations (Hangul: 만세운동; Hanja: 萬歲運動; RR: Manse Undong).
* Date : 1919/03/01 | |
| 1919/04/13 | Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea |
| The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was a partially recognized Korean government-in-exile, based in Shanghai, China, and later in Chongqing (then spelt Chungking), during the Japanese Korean period.
* Date : 1919/04/13 | |
| 1919/05/04 | May Fourth Movement |
| The May Fourth Movement (五四運動) was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student participants in Beijing on May 4, 1919, protesting against the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially allowing Japan to receive territories in Shandong which had been surrendered by Germany after the Siege of Tsingtao.
* Date : 1919/05/04 | |
| 1920/01/10 | League of Nations |
| The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English) was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.
* Date : 1920/01/10 | |
| 1921 | Council on Foreign Relations |
| The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), founded in 1921, is a United States nonprofit think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs. It is headquartered in New York City, with an additional office in Washington, D.C.
* Date : 1921 | |
| 1921 | Russian famine of 1921–1922 |
| The Russian famine of 1921–1922, also known as the Povolzhye famine, was a severe famine in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that began early in the spring of 1921 and lasted until 1922. The famine resulted from the combined effects of economic disturbance from the Russian Revolution, the Russian Civil War, and the government policy of war communism (especially prodrazvyorstka). It was exacerbated by rail systems that could not distribute food efficiently.
* Date : 1921 ~ 1922 | |
| 1921/11/12 | Washington Naval Conference |
| The Washington Naval Conference, also called the Washington Arms Conference or the Washington Disarmament Conference, was a military conference called by U.S. President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C., from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922.
* Date : 1921/11/12 ~ 1922/02/06 | |
| 1922/04/03 | Joseph Stalin |
| Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878[2] – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and political leader. He governed the Soviet Union as dictator from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, serving as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1953 and as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952. Ideologically a Marxist and a Leninist, he helped to formalise these ideas as Marxism-Leninism while his own policies and theories became known as Stalinism.
* Date : 1922/04/03 ~ 1953/03/05 | |
| 1922/12/30 | Soviet Union |
| The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also known unofficially as Russia, was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
* Date : 1922/12/30 | |
| 1923/08 | First United Front |
| The First United Front, also known as the KMT–CPC Alliance, of the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC), was formed in 1923 as an alliance to end warlordism in China.
* Date : 1923/08 | |
| 1923/10/29 | Republic of Turkey |
| The Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922), initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues against the occupying Allies, resulted in the abolition of monarchy in 1922 and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, with Atatürk as its first president.
* Date : 1923/10/29 | |
| 1925/12/12 | Pahlavi dynasty(~1979) |
| The Pahlavi dynasty was the ruling house of Imperial State of Iran from 1925 until 1979, when the monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the Iranian Revolution.
* Date : 1925/12/12 | |
| 1926 | Northern Expedition |
| The Northern Expedition was a Kuomintang (KMT) military campaign, led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, from 1926–28. Its main objective was to unify China under its own control by ending the rule of the Beiyang government as well as the local warlords. It led to the end of the Warlord Era, the reunification of China in 1928 and the establishment of the Nanjing government.
* Date : 1926 ~ 1928/06 | |
| 1928 | Soviet Union, Five-Year Plans |
| Wartime policies during the Russian Civil War coincided with a large decrease in the country's economy. Industrial output in 1922 was 13% of that in 1914. A recovery followed under the New Economic Policy, which allowed a degree of market flexibility within the context of socialism. Under Stalin's direction, this was replaced by a system of centrally ordained 'Five-Year Plans' in the late 1920s. These called for a highly ambitious program of industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture.
* Date : 1928 ~ 1929 | |
| 1928 | Chinese famine of 1928–1930 |
| The Chinese famine of 1928–1930 occurred as widespread drought hit Northwestern and Northern China, most notably in the provinces of Henan, Shaanxi and Gansu. Mortality is estimated to be within 6 million, which already included deaths from famine-led diseases. The inefficiency of relief has been pointed out as a factor which aggravated the famine.
* Date : 1928 ~ 1930 | |
| 1928/09/15 | Penicillin |
| Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942.
* Date : 1928/09/15 | |
| 1929 | Great Depression |
| The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until 1941.
* Date : 1929 ~ 1941 | |
| 1929/10/24 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 |
| The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday (October 29), the Great Crash, or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began on October 24, 1929 ('Black Thursday'), and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its after effects. The crash, which followed the London Stock Exchange's crash of September, signalled the beginning of the 12-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries.
* Date : 1929/10/24 | |
| 1930 | Soviet famine of 1930–1933 |
| The Soviet famine of 1930–1933 was a famine in the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union, including Ukraine and different parts of Russia, including Northern Caucasus, Kuban Region, Volga Region, Kazakhstan, the South Urals, and West Siberia. Estimates conclude that 5.7 to 8.7 million people died of famine across the Soviet Union.
* Date : 1930 ~ 1933 | |
| 1930/03/13 | Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act |
| The Tariff Act of 1930 (codified at 19 U.S.C. ch. 4), commonly known as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff or Hawley-Smoot Tariff, was a law that implemented protectionist trade policies in the United States. Sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley, it was signed by President Herbert Hoover on June 17, 1930. The act raised US tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods.
* Date : 1930/03/13 | |
| 1931/09/18 | Mukden Incident |
| The Mukden Incident, or Manchurian Incident, was a staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the Japanese invasion in 1931 of northeastern China, known as Manchuria.
* Date : 1931/09/18 ~ 1932/02/18 | |
| 1931/09/21 | Great Britain abandoned the gold standard |
| As the shock from the May 1931 default of Austria's largest commercial bank, Creditanstalt, spread throughout Europe, several countries, most notably Great Britain in September 1931, abandoned the gold standard. Other countries, including Denmark, Norway, Sweden (September 1931), Finland (October), and Japan (December), also abandoned the gold standard.
* Date : 1931/09/21 | |
| 1933/03/04 | New Deal |
| The New Deal was a series of federal programs, public works projects, and financial reforms and regulations enacted in the United States during the 1930s in response to the Great Depression.
* Date : 1933/03/04 ~ 1936 | |
| 1933/03/04 | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
* Date : 1933/03/04 ~ 1945/04/12 | |
| 1933/06/05 | U.S. went off the gold standard |
| On June 5, 1933, the United States went off the gold standard, a monetary system in which currency is backed by gold, when Congress enacted a joint resolution nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.
* Date : 1933/06/05 | |
| 1934/08/02 | Adolf Hitler, Führer |
| Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer ('Leader') of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust.
* Date : 1934/08/02 ~ 1945/04/30 | |
| 1936/07/17 | Spanish Civil War |
| The Spanish Civil War widely known in Spain simply as The Civil War or The War, took place from 1936 to 1939. The Republicans, who were loyal to the democratic, left-leaning and relatively urban Second Spanish Republic, in an alliance of convenience with the Anarchists, fought against the Nationalists, a Falangist, Carlist, and largely aristocratic conservative group led by General Francisco Franco.
* Date : 1936/07/17 ~ 1939/04/01 | |
| 1936/11/02 | BBC One |
| BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service, and was the world's first regular television service with a high level of image resolution.
* Date : 1936/11/02 | |
| 1937/07/07 | Second Sino-Japanese War |
| The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945. It began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937 in which a dispute between Japanese and Chinese troops escalated into a battle. The conflict escalated afterward. It ended with the unconditional surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945 to the United Nations allies of World War II.
* Date : 1937/07/07 ~ 1945/09/02 | |
| 1937/09/22 | Second United Front |
| The Second United Front was the brief alliance between the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) and Communist Party of China (CPC) to resist the Japanese invasion during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which suspended the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1941.
* Date : 1937/09/22 | |
| 1939/09/01 | World War II |
| World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis.
* Date : 1939/09/01 ~ 1945/09/02 | |
| 1941/12/07 | Attack on Pearl Harbor |
| The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States' entry into World War II.
* Date : 1941/12/07 | |
| 1942/08/23 | Battle of Stalingrad |
| The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) was a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in Southern Russia.
* Date : 1942/08/23 ~ 1943/02/02 | |
| 1944/07 | Bretton Woods system |
| The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia and Japan in the mid-20th century. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent states.
* Date : 1944/07 | |
| 1945/02/04 | Yalta Conference |
| The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea conference and code named the Argonaut Conference, held from February 4 to 11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization.
* Date : 1945/02/04 | |
| 1945/04/12 | Harry S. Truman |
| Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–53), assuming that office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II.
* Date : 1945/04/12 ~ 1953/01/20 | |
| 1945/05/07 | German Instrument of Surrender |
| The German Instrument of Surrender ended World War II in Europe.
* Date : 1945/05/07 | |
| 1945/07/16 | Trinity (nuclear test) |
| Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. It was conducted by the United States Army at 5:29 am on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project.
* Date : 1945/07/16 | |
| 1945/08/06 | Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| During the final stage of World War II, the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.
* Date : 1945/08/06 | |
 1945/08/15 | Surrender of Japan |
| The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2, 1945, bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close.
* Date : 1945/08/15 | |
| 1945/10/24 | United Nations |
| The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international co-operation and to create and maintain international order. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict.
* Date : 1945/10/24 | |
| 1946/03/31 | Chinese Civil War (2) |
| By the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the power of the Communist Party grew considerably. Their main force grew to 1.2 million troops, with a militia of 2 million. Their 'Liberated Zone' contained 19 base areas, including one-quarter of the country's territory and one-third of its population; this included many important towns and cities. Moreover, the Soviet Union turned over all of its captured Japanese weapons and a substantial amount of their own supplies to the Communists, who received Northeastern China from the Soviets as well.
* Date : 1946/03/31 ~ 1950/05/01 | |
| 1946/12/19 | First Indochina War |
| The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam) began in French Indochina on 19 December, 1946, and lasted until 1 August, 1954.
* Date : 1946/12/19 ~ 1954/08/01 | |
| 1947/06/03 | Marshall Plan |
| The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion[1] (approximately $130 billion in current dollar value as of June 2016) in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning on April 8, 1948.
* Date : 1947/06/03 | |
| 1947/08/15 | Partition of India |
| The Partition of India was the division of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan.
* Date : 1947/08/15 | |
| 1948/05/14 | Israeli Declaration of Independence |
| The Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708) by David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine.
* Date : 1948/05/14 | |
| 1948/08/15 | Establishment of the Republic of Korea |
| Establishment of the Republic of Korea with Syngman Rhee as President.
* Date : 1948/08/15 | |
| 1949/08/29 | Soviet Union nuclear test |
| RDS-1, the first Soviet atomic test was internally code-named First Lightning (Первая молния, or Pervaya Molniya) August 29, 1949, and was code-named by the Americans as Joe 1. The design was very similar to the first US 'Fat Man' plutonium bomb, using a TNT/hexogen implosion lens design.
* Date : 1949/08/29 | |
| 1949/10/01 | People's Republic of China |
| Major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with the Communist Party in control of most of mainland China, and the Kuomintang retreating offshore, reducing the ROC's territory to only Taiwan, Hainan, and their surrounding islands. On 1 October 1949, Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
* Date : 1949/10/01 | |
| 1950/06/25 | Golden Age of capitalism |
| The post–World War II economic expansion, also known as the postwar economic boom, the long boom, and the Golden Age of Capitalism, was a period of economic prosperity in the mid-20th century which occurred, following the end of World War II in 1945, and lasted until the early 1970s. It ended with the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system in 1971, the 1973 oil crisis, and the 1973–1974 stock market crash, which led to the 1970s recession.
* Date : 1950/06/25 ~ 1973/01/27 | |
| 1950/06/25 | Korean War |
| The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: 한국전쟁; Hanja: 韓國戰爭; RR: Hanguk Jeonjaeng, 'Korean War'; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl: 조국해방전쟁; Hancha: 祖國解放戰爭; MR: Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng, 'Fatherland Liberation War'; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, came to the aid of South Korea. China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance.
* Date : 1950/06/25 ~ 1953/07/27 | |
| 1953/01/20 | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Dwight David 'Ike' Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961.
* Date : 1953/01/20 ~ 1961/01/20 | |
| 1953/08/19 | 1953 Iranian coup d'état |
| The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup, was the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on 19 August 1953, orchestrated by the United Kingdom (under the name 'Operation Boot') and the United States (under the name TPAJAX Project or 'Operation Ajax').
* Date : 1953/08/19 | |
| 1955/11/01 | Vietnam War |
| The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.
* Date : 1955/11/01 ~ 1975/04/30 | |
| 1956/10/29 | Suez Crisis |
| The Suez Crisis, also named the Tripartite Aggression (in the Arab world) and Operation Kadesh or Sinai War (in Israel), was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France.
* Date : 1956/10/29 ~ 1956/11/07 | |
| 1957/10/04 | Sputnik 1 |
| Sputnik 1 ('Satellite-1', or 'Elementary Satellite 1']) was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957.
* Date : 1957/10/04 | |
| 1958 | Great Leap Forward |
| The Great Leap Forward of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1962.
* Date : 1958 ~ 1962 | |
| 1959 | Great Chinese Famine |
| The Great Chinese Famine was a famine that occurred between 1959 and 1961 in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Some scholars have also included the years 1958 or 1962. It is widely regarded as the deadliest famine and one of the greatest man-made disasters in human history, with an estimated death toll due to starvation that ranges in the tens of millions (15 to 55 million). The most stricken provinces were Anhui (18% dead), Chongqing (15%), Sichuan (13%), Guizhou (11%) and Hunan (8%).
* Date : 1959 ~ 1961 | |
| 1960/04/19 | April Revolution |
| The April Revolution, sometimes called the April 19 Revolution or April 19 Movement, was a popular uprising in April 1960, led by labor and student groups, which overthrew the autocratic First Republic of South Korea under Syngman Rhee.
* Date : 1960/04/19 | |
| 1961/01/20 | John F. Kennedy |
| John Fitzgerald 'Jack' Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.
* Date : 1961/01/20 ~ 1963/11/22 | |
| 1961/05/16 | May 16 coup |
| The May 16 coup (Hangul: 5.16 군사정변; Hanja: 五一六軍事政變) was a military coup d'état in South Korea in 1961, organized and carried out by Park Chung-hee and his allies who formed the Military Revolutionary Committee, nominally led by Army Chief of Staff Chang Do-yong after the latter's acquiescence on the day of the coup.
* Date : 1961/05/16 | |
| 1962/10/20 | Sino-Indian War |
| The Sino-Indian War, also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict, was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962. A disputed Himalayan border was the main pretext for war, but other issues played a role.
* Date : 1962/10/20 ~ 1962/11/21 | |
| 1962/10/16 | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis, the Caribbean Crisis, or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba.
* Date : 1962/10/16 ~ 1962/10/28 | |
| 1963 | White Revolution(~1978) |
| The White Revolution (Persian: انقلاب سفید Enqelāb-e Sefid) or The Shah and People Revolution (Persian: انقلاب شاه و مردم Enqelāb-e Shāh va Mardom) was a far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasted until 1978.
* Date : 1963 | |
| 1963/11/22 | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969, assuming the office after serving as the 37th Vice President of the United States under President John F. Kennedy from 1961 to 1963.
* Date : 1963/11/22 ~ 1969/01/20 | |
| 1964/08/02 | Gulf of Tonkin incident |
| The Gulf of Tonkin incident, also known as the USS Maddox incident, was an international confrontation that led to the United States being drawn more directly into the Vietnam War.
* Date : 1964/08/02 | |
| 1964/10/16 | China, first nuclear test |
| The Chinese conducted their first nuclear test, code-named 596, on 16 October 1964, and acknowledged that their program would have been impossible to complete without the Soviet help.
* Date : 1964/10/16 | |
| 1965/06/22 | Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea |
| The Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (Japanese: 日韓基本条約 (Nikkan Kihon Jōyaku); Korean: 한일기본조약, 韓日基本條約, Hanil Gibon Joyak) was signed on June 22, 1965. It established basic diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea.
* Date : 1965/06/22 | |
| 1966/05/16 | Cultural Revolution |
| The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in China from 1966 until 1976.
* Date : 1966/05/16 ~ 1976/09/09 | |
| 1968/01 | Crisis of the US regime |
| The coming crisis of the US regime was signalled between 1968 and 1973 in three distinct and closely related spheres. Militarily, the US army got into ever more serious troubles in Vietnam; financially, the US Federal Reserve found it difficult and then impossible to preserve the mode of production and regulation of world money established at Bretton Woods; and ideologically, the US government’s anti-communist crusade began losing legitimacy both at home and abroad. (Giovanni Arrighi 1994: 300-301)
* Date : 1968/01 ~ 1973/12 | |
| 1968/01/05 | Prague Spring |
| The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II. It began on 5 January 1968, when reformist Alexander Dubček was elected First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), and continued until 21 August 1968 when the Soviet Union and other members of the Warsaw Pact invaded the country to halt the reforms.
* Date : 1968/01/05 ~ 1968/08/21 | |
| 1968/04/01 | Establishment of the POSCO |
| Establishment of the Pohang Iron and Steel Company.
* Date : 1968/04/01 | |
| 1968/05 | May 1968 events in France |
| The volatile period of civil unrest in France during May 1968 was punctuated by demonstrations and massive general strikes as well as the occupation of universities and factories across France.
* Date : 1968/05 | |
| 1968/07/13 | Hong Kong flu |
| The Hong Kong flu, also known as the 1968 flu pandemic, was a flu pandemic whose outbreak in 1968 and 1969 killed an estimated 1–4 million people globally.
* Date : 1968/07/13 ~ 1969/12 | |
| 1969/01/20 | Richard Nixon |
| Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so.
* Date : 1969/01/20 ~ 1974/08/09 | |
| 1969/03/02 | Sino-Soviet border conflict |
| The Sino-Soviet border conflict was a seven-month undeclared military conflict between the Soviet Union and China at the height of the Sino-Soviet split in 1969.
* Date : 1969/03/02 | |
| 1969/07/21 | Apollo 11 |
| Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC.
* Date : 1969/07/21 | |
| 1970/07/07 | Gyeongbu Expressway |
| The Gyeongbu Expressway (Korean: 경부고속도로; Gyeongbu Gosokdoro) (Asian Highway Network ) is the second oldest and most heavily travelled expressway in South Korea, connecting Seoul to Suwon, Daejeon, Gumi, Daegu, and Busan. It has the route number 1, signifying its role as South Korea's most important expressway.
* Date : 1970/07/07 | |
| 1971/08/15 | Nixon shock |
| The Nixon shock was a series of economic measures undertaken by United States President Richard Nixon in 1971, the most significant of which was the unilateral cancellation of the direct international convertibility of the United States dollar to gold.
* Date : 1971/08/15 | |
| 1972/02/21 | 1972 Nixon visit to China |
| U.S. President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to the People's Republic of China was an important step in formally normalizing relations between the United States and China. It marked the first time a U.S. president had visited the PRC, which at that time considered the U.S. one of its foes, and the visit ended 25 years of separation between the two sides.
* Date : 1972/02/21 | |
| 1972/07/04 | July 4th North-South Joint Statement |
| On July 4, 1972, he announced plans for Korean reunification in a joint communique with North Korea.
* Date : 1972/07/04 | |
| 1972/09/29 | China–Japan relations |
| In December 1971, the Chinese and Japanese trade liaison offices began to discuss the possibility of restoring diplomatic trade relations, and in July 1972, Kakuei Tanaka succeeded Eisaku Satō as a new Japanese Prime Minister. Tanaka assumed a normalization of the Sino-Japanese relations. Furthermore, the 1972 Nixon visit to China encouraged the normalization process. His visit to Beijing culminated in the signing a joint statement on September 29, 1972. It established diplomatic relations between Japan and the PRC.
* Date : 1972/09/29 | |
| 1972/10/17 | October Restoration |
| The October Yusin (Korean: 시월유신, Hanja: 十月維新) or October Restoration was an October 1972 South Korean self-coup in which President Park Chung-hee assumed dictatorial powers.
* Date : 1972/10/17 | |
| 1973/10/06 | 1973 oil crisis |
| The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo. The embargo occurred in response to United States' support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War. By the end of the embargo in March 1974, the price of oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally; US prices were significantly higher. The embargo caused an oil crisis, or 'shock', with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.
* Date : 1973/10/06 ~ 1974/03 | |
| 1974/08/09 | Gerald Ford |
| Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, following the resignation of Richard Nixon.
* Date : 1974/08/09 ~ 1977/01/20 | |
| 1976/01 | Jamaica Accords |
| The Jamaica Accords were a set of international agreements that ratified the end of the Bretton Woods monetary system.
* Date : 1976/01 | |
| 1977/01/20 | Jimmy Carter |
| James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981.
* Date : 1977/01/20 ~ 1981/01/20 | |
| 1978/12/18 | Chinese economic reform |
| The Chinese economic reform (改革開放; literally: 'reform and opening-up') refers to the program of economic reforms termed 'Socialism with Chinese characteristics' in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China, led by Deng Xiaoping.
* Date : 1978/12/18 | |
| 1979 | 1979 energy crisis |
| The 1979 (or second) oil crisis or oil shock occurred in the United States due to decreased oil output in the wake of the Iranian Revolution.
* Date : 1979 ~ 1980/12/31 | |
| 1979/01/01 | U.S.-China, Formal diplomatic relations |
| Formal diplomatic relations were established with the U.S. in 1979, and the two nations have experienced more than a quarter century of varying degrees of amiable or wary relations over such contentious issues as Taiwan, balance of trade, intellectual property rights, nuclear proliferation, and human rights.
* Date : 1979/01/01 | |
| 1979/01/17 | Iranian Revolution |
| The Iranian Revolution (also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution) refers to events involving the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was supported by the United States, and eventual replacement of 2500 years of Iranian monarchy with an Islamic Republic regime under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, supported by various leftist and Islamist organizations and student movements.
* Date : 1979/01/17 | |
| 1979/06/29 | Jimmy Carter visits Korea |
| American president Jimmy Carter visits Korea. Threatens Park by stating he would reduce the US forces in Korea if he does not stop the ongoing Nuclear Weapons Development project.
* Date : 1979/06/29 | |
| 1979/10/26 | Assassination of Park Chung-hee |
| Park Chung-hee, president of South Korea, was assassinated on Friday, October 26, 1979 at 7:41pm during a dinner at a Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) safehouse inside the Blue House presidential compound, in Gungjeong-dong, Seoul by Kim Jae-kyu, who was the director of KCIA and the president's security chief.
* Date : 1979/10/26 | |
| 1979/12/12 | Coup d'état of December Twelfth |
| The Coup d'état of December Twelfth or the '12.12 Military Insurrection' was a military coup d'état which took place on December 12, 1979, in South Korea.
* Date : 1979/12/12 | |
| 1979/12/27 | Soviet–Afghan War |
| The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989. Insurgent groups known as the mujahideen fought against the Soviet Army and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
* Date : 1979/12/27 ~ 1989/02/15 | |
| 1980/01/01 | Reagan Era |
| The Reagan Era or Age of Reagan is a periodization of recent American history used by historians and political observers to emphasize that the conservative "Reagan Revolution" led by President Ronald Reagan in domestic and foreign policy had a lasting impact. It overlaps with what political scientists call the Sixth Party System.
* Date : 1980/01/01 ~ 1989/12/31 | |
| 1980/05/18 | Gwangju Uprising |
| Martial Law is declared throughout the nation. The city of Gwangju becomes a battleground between dissenters and the Armed Forces (18–27 May). Some reports claim over 100 casualties.
* Date : 1980/05/18 | |
| 1980/09/22 | Iran–Iraq War |
| The Iran-Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq lasting from 22 September 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran, to August 1988.
* Date : 1980/09/22 ~ 1988/08/20 | |
| 1981/01/20 | Ronald Reagan |
| Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
* Date : 1981/01/20 ~ 1989/01/20 | |
| 1981/08/12 | IBM Personal Computer |
| On August 12, 1981, IBM released the IBM Personal Computer.
* Date : 1981/08/12 | |
| 1985/04 | Perestroika |
| Perestroika was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s until 1991 widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning 'openness') policy reform.
* Date : 1985/04 | |
| 1985/09/13 | 1980s oil glut |
| In September 1985, Saudi Arabia became fed up with de facto propping up prices by lowering its own production in the face of high output from elsewhere in OPEC.
* Date : 1985/09/13 | |
| 1985/09/22 | Plaza Accord |
| The Plaza Accord or Plaza Agreement was an agreement between the governments of France, West Germany, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom, to depreciate the U.S. dollar in relation to the Japanese yen and German Deutsche Mark by intervening in currency markets. The five governments signed the accord on September 22, 1985 at the Plaza Hotel in New York City.
* Date : 1985/09/22 | |
| 1986/04/26 | Chernobyl disaster |
| The Chernobyl disaster, also referred to as the Chernobyl accident, was a catastrophic nuclear accident. It occurred on 26 April 1986 in the No.4 light water graphite moderated reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat, in what was then part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union (USSR).
* Date : 1986/04/26 | |
| 1987/06/29 | June Struggle |
| The June Struggle (Hangul: 6월 민주항쟁; Hanja: 六月民主抗爭), also known as the June Democracy Movement and June Democratic Uprising was a nationwide democracy movement in South Korea that generated mass protests from June 10 to June 29, 1987.
* Date : 1987/06/29 | |
| 1987/10/19 | Black Monday (1987) |
| In finance, Black Monday refers to Monday, October 19, 1987, when stock markets around the world crashed, shedding a huge value in a very short time.
* Date : 1987/10/19 | |
| 1988/02/25 | Roh Tae-woo |
| Roh Tae-woo (Korean pronunciation: [no.tʰɛ̝.u]; born December 4, 1933) is a former South Korean politician and ROK Army general who served as President of South Korea from 1988 to 1993.
* Date : 1988/02/25 ~ 1993/02/25 | |
| 1989/01/20 | George H. W. Bush |
| George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
* Date : 1989/01/20 ~ 1993/01/20 | |
| 1989/03/09 | Revolutions of 1989 |
| The Revolutions of 1989 were part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond.
* Date : 1989/03/09 ~ 1992/04/27 | |
| 1989/06/04 | Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 |
| The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, commonly known in China as the June Fourth Incident (六四事件), were student-led demonstrations in Beijing in 1989.
* Date : 1989/06/04 | |
| 1989/11/09 | Fall of the Berlin Wall |
| In 1989, a series of revolutions in nearby Eastern Bloc countries—Poland and Hungary in particular—caused a chain reaction in East Germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the Wall.
* Date : 1989/11/09 | |
| 1990/08/02 | Gulf War |
| The Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.
* Date : 1990/08/02 ~ 1991/02/28 | |
| 1990/09/30 | Russia–South Korea relations |
| Russia–South Korea relations refers to the bilateral foreign relations between Russia and South Korea. Modern relations between the two countries began on September 30, 1990.
* Date : 1990/09/30 | |
| 1990/10/03 | German reunification |
| The German reunification was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR/DDR/East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG/West Germany) to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz constitution Article 23. The end of the unification process is officially referred to as German unity, celebrated on 3 October (German Unity Day).
* Date : 1990/10/03 | |
| 1991/12/26 | Dissolution of the Soviet Union |
| The Soviet Union was dissolved on December 26, 1991. It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
* Date : 1991/12/26 | |
| 1992/02/07 | Maastricht Treaty |
| The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union or TEU) undertaken to integrate Europe was signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, Netherlands. On 9–10 December 1991, the same city hosted the European Council which drafted the treaty. Upon its entry into force on 1 November 1993 during the Delors Commission, it created the three pillars structure of the European Union and led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro.
* Date : 1992/02/07 | |
| 1992/08/24 | South Korea, China Forge Official Ties |
| International relations between the People's Republic of China and South Korea were formally established on August 24, 1992.
* Date : 1992/08/24 | |
| 1993/01/20 | Bill Clinton |
| William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.
* Date : 1993/01/20 ~ 2001/01/20 | |
| 1993/02/25 | Kim Young-sam |
| As the candidate of the governing party, he defeated Kim Dae-jung in the 1992 presidential election. He was only the third civilian to hold the office, and the first since 1962.
* Date : 1993/02/25 ~ 1998/02/25 | |
| 1993/03/27 | Jiang Zemin |
| Jiang Zemin (born 17 August 1926) is a retired Chinese politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004, and as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003. Jiang has been described as the 'core of the third generation' of Communist Party leaders since 1989.
* Date : 1993/03/27 ~ 2003/03/15 | |
| 1993/04/22 | Mosaic (web browser) |
| NCSA Mosaic, or simply Mosaic, is a discontinued early web browser. It has been credited with popularizing the World Wide Web.
* Date : 1993/04/22 | |
| 1994/07/08 | Death of Kim Il-sung |
| On 8 July 1994, Kim Il-sung collapsed from a sudden heart attack at the age of 82.
* Date : 1994/07/08 | |
| 1995/01/01 | WTO Formation |
| The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the largest international economic organisation in the world.
* Date : 1995/01/01 | |
| 1995/04 | Reverse Plaza Accord |
| In the Reverse Plaza Accord of 1995, the U.S., Japan and Germany bailed out a Japanese manufacturing economy that was slowing to a halt under the pressure of the record-breaking ascent of the yen. The chief motivation seems to have been a desire to undo the previous distortions of the Plaza Accord, especially the decline of German and Japanese manufacturing.
* Date : 1995/04 | |
| 1997/07/01 | Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong |
| The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China, referred to as 'the Handover' internationally or 'the Return' in China, took place on 1 July 1997. The landmark event marked the end of British administration in Hong Kong, and is often regarded as the watershed of the British Empire.
* Date : 1997/07/01 | |
| 1997/07 | 1997 Asian financial crisis |
| The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion.
* Date : 1997/07 ~ 1998/12 | |
| 1997/12/03 | 1997 Asian financial crisis - South Korea |
| In South Korea, the crisis is also commonly referred to as IMF.
* Date : 1997/12/03 | |
| 1998/02/25 | Kim Dae-jung |
| Kim Dae-jung (6 January 1924 – 18 August 2009) was the 8th President of South Korea from 1998 to 2003, and the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize recipient.
* Date : 1998/02/25 ~ 2003/02/25 | |
| 1998/08/17 | 1998 Russian financial crisis |
| The Russian financial crisis (also called Ruble crisis or the Russian Flu) hit Russia on 17 August 1998. It resulted in the Russian government and the Russian Central Bank devaluing the ruble and defaulting on its debt. The crisis had severe impacts on the economies of many neighboring countries.
* Date : 1998/08/17 | |
| 1999/01/01 | Euro |
| The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743).
* Date : 1999/01/01 | |
| 2000/06/13 | 2000 Inter-Korean Summit |
| The first Summit was held June 13–15, 2000, in Pyongyang. Kim Jong-il, the North Korean leader, met with Kim Dae-jung, the South Korean President at the time.
* Date : 2000/06/13 | |
| 2001/01/20 | George W. Bush |
| George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.
* Date : 2001/01/20 ~ 2009/01/20 | |
| 2001/06/15 | Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |
| The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic and security organization. In terms of geographic scope and population, it is the world's largest regional organization, covering approximately 60% of the area of Eurasia, 40% of the world population, and more than 30% of global GDP.
* Date : 2001/06/15 | |
| 2001/09/11 | September 11 attacks |
| The September 11 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.
* Date : 2001/09/11 | |
| 2001/10/07 | War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) |
| The War in Afghanistan was a conflict that took place from 2001 to 2021 in Afghanistan. It started when the United States and its allies invaded Afghanistan and toppled the Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate. The war ended with the Taliban regaining power after a 19 years and 8 months insurgency against allied NATO and Afghan Armed Forces. It was the longest war in United States history, surpassing the Vietnam War (1955–1975) by roughly five months.
* Date : 2001/10/07 | |
| 2001/12/11 | China became a member of the WTO |
| China became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 11 December 2001. The admission of China to the WTO was preceded by a lengthy process of negotiations and required significant changes to the Chinese economy. It signified China's deeper integration into the world economy.
* Date : 2001/12/11 | |
| 2003/02/25 | Roh Moo-hyun |
| Roh Moo-hyun (Hangul: 노무현; Hanja: 盧武鉉; RR: No Muhyeon;) GOM (1 September 1946 – 23 May 2009) was the ninth President of the Republic of Korea (2003–2008). Roh's pre-presidential political career was focused on human rights advocacy for student activists in South Korea.
* Date : 2003/02/25 ~ 2008/02/25 | |
| 2003/03/15 | Hu Jintao |
| Hu Jintao (Chinese: 胡锦涛; born 21 December 1942) is a Chinese politician who was the paramount leader of China from 2002 to 2012. He held the offices of General Secretary of the Communist Party from 2002 to 2012, President of the People's Republic from 2003 to 2013 and Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 2004 to 2012.
* Date : 2003/03/15 ~ 2013/03/14 | |
| 2003/03/20 | Iraq War |
| The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein.
* Date : 2003/03/20 | |
| 2004/12/26 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami |
| The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent).
* Date : 2004/12/26 | |
| 2007/01/09 | Steve Jobs announced the iPhone |
| On January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced the iPhone at the Macworld convention, receiving substantial media attention. Jobs announced that the first iPhone would be released later that year. On June 29, 2007, the first iPhone was released.
* Date : 2007/01/09 | |
| 2007/04 | Financial crisis of 2007–2008 |
| The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the global financial crisis and the 2008 financial crisis, is considered by many economists to have been the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
* Date : 2007/04 ~ 2009/12 | |
| 2007/10/02 | 2007 Inter-Korean Summit |
| On October 2, 2007, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun walked across the Korean Demilitarized Zone in travelling to Pyongyang for talks with Kim Jong-il. During the visit, there was a series of meetings and discussions between the leaders.
* Date : 2007/10/02 | |
| 2008/02/25 | Lee Myung-bak |
| The Lee Myung-bak government (Hangul: 이명박 정부; Hanja: 李明博 政府, RR: I Myeong-bak Jeongbu) was the fifth government of the Sixth Republic of South Korea. It took office on 25 February 2008 after Lee Myung-bak's victory in the 2007 presidential elections.
* Date : 2008/02/25 ~ 2013/02/25 | |
| 2009/01/20 | Barack Obama |
| The presidency of Barack Obama began at noon EST on January 20, 2009, when Barack Obama was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2017. Obama, a Democrat, took office as the 44th United States president following a decisive victory over Republican John McCain in the 2008 presidential election.
* Date : 2009/01/20 ~ 2017/01/20 | |
| 2010/12/17 | Arab Spring |
| The Arab Spring or Democracy Spring was a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations, protests, riots, coups and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East that began on 17 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution.
* Date : 2010/12/17 ~ 2012/12 | |
| 2011/03/11 | 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami |
| The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku (東北地方太平洋沖地震) was a magnitude 9.0–9.1 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday 11 March 2011, with the epicentre approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 29 km (18 mi).
* Date : 2011/03/11 | |
| 2011/03/11 | Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster |
| The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (福島第一原子力発電所事故) was an energy accident at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant in Fukushima, initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011.
* Date : 2011/03/11 | |
| 2011/12/17 | Kim Jong-il Death |
| On 19 December 2011, the North Korean government announced that he had died two days earlier, whereupon his third son, Kim Jong-un, was promoted to a senior position in the ruling WPK and succeeded him.
* Date : 2011/12/17 | |
| 2013/02/25 | Park Geun-hye |
| Park Geun-hye (Korean: 박근혜; born 2 February 1952) is a South Korean politician who served as the 11th President of South Korea, from 2013 to 2017.
* Date : 2013/02/25 ~ 2017/03/10 | |
| 2013/03/14 | Xi Jinping |
| Xi Jinping(born 15 June 1953) is the current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.
* Date : 2013/03/14 ~ 2028/03/14 | |
| 2014/03/18 | Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation |
| The Ukrainian territory of Crimea was annexed by the Russian Federation on 18 March 2014.
* Date : 2014/03/18 | |
| 2014/11/10 | Belt and Road Initiative |
| The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also known as the One Belt One Road (OBOR) (一带一路) or the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road, is a development strategy adopted by the Chinese government involving infrastructure development and investments in countries in Europe, Asia and Africa. "Belt" refers to the overland routes, or the Silk Road Economic Belt; whereas "road" refers to the sea routes, or the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.
* Date : 2014/11/10 | |
| 2015/09/30 | Russian military intervention in Syria |
| The Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War began in September 2015 after an official request by the Syrian government for military help against rebel and jihadist groups.
* Date : 2015/09/30 | |
| 2016/06/23 | Brexit referendum |
| The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, also known as the EU referendum and the Brexit referendum, took place on 23 June 2016 in the United Kingdom (UK) and Gibraltar to gauge support for the country either remaining a member of, or leaving, the European Union (EU). The referendum resulted in 51.9% of voters voting in favour of leaving the EU.
* Date : 2016/06/23 | |
| 2016/10/01 | SDR included the Chinese Renminbi |
| As of 1 October 2016, the SDR included the Chinese Renminbi in the currency basket.
* Date : 2016/10/01 | |
| 2017/01/20 | Donald Trump |
| The presidency of Donald Trump began at noon EST (17:00 UTC) on January 20, 2017, when he was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States, and ended at noon EST (17:00 UTC) on January 20, 2021, with the inauguration of Joe Biden.
* Date : 2017/01/20 ~ 2021/01/20 | |
| 2017/05/10 | Moon Jae-in |
| Moon Jae-in (born 24 January 1953) is the 12th and current President of South Korea.
* Date : 2017/05/10 ~ 2022/05/10 | |
| 2018/01/22 | China–United States trade war |
| The China–United States trade war is an ongoing economic conflict between China and the United States.
* Date : 2018/01/22 | |
| 2018/04/27 | April 2018 inter-Korean summit |
| An inter-Korean summit took place on 27 April 2018, and 26 of May, on the South Korean side of the Joint Security Area, between Moon Jae-in, President of South Korea, and Kim Jong-un, Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea, and Supreme Leader of North Korea. The summit was the third inter-Korean summit – and the first in eleven years. It was also the first time since the end of the Korean War in 1953 that a North Korean leader entered the South's territory; President Moon also briefly crossed into the North's territory.
* Date : 2018/04/27 | |
| 2018/06/12 | 2018 North Korea–United States summit |
| The 2018 North Korea–United States summit, or Singapore summit, is the first summit between a sitting United States President and the Leader of North Korea. It is currently taking place on June 12, 2018 at the Capella Hotel on Sentosa Island in Singapore.
* Date : 2018/06/12 | |
| 2019/12/01 | COVID-19 pandemic |
| The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in January 2020 and a pandemic in March 2020. As of 30 December 2020, more than 81.9 million cases have been confirmed, with more than 1.78 million deaths attributed to COVID-19.
* Date : 2019/12/01 | |
| 2021/01/20 | Joe Biden |
| The presidency of Joe Biden began at noon EST (17:00 UTC) on January 20, 2021, when he was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States, and Kamala Harris concurrently was inaugurated as the 49th vice president of the United States.
* Date : 2021/01/20 ~ 2025/01/20 | |
| 2021/08/30 | Withdrawal of the United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021) |
| The United States Armed Forces completed their withdrawal from Afghanistan on 30 August 2021, marking the end of the 2001–2021 War in Afghanistan.
* Date : 2021/08/30 | |
| 2021/09/15 | AUKUS |
| AUKUS is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, announced on 15 September 2021 for the Indo-Pacific region.
* Date : 2021/09/15 | |
| 2022/02/24 | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine |
| On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, its neighbour to the southwest, marking the largest escalation of the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014.
* Date : 2022/02/24 | |
| 2022/05/10 | Yoon Suk-yeol |
| Yoon Suk-yeol(Korean: 윤석열; born 18 December 1960) is a South Korean politician, former public prosecutor and lawyer who is scheduled to become the 13th President of South Korea on May 10th 2022.
* Date : 2022/05/10 ~ 2027/05/10 | |
| 2022/11/30 | ChatGPT |
| ChatGPT is an artificial-intelligence (AI) chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched in November 2022. It is built on top of OpenAI's GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 families of large language models (LLMs) and has been fine-tuned (an approach to transfer learning) using both supervised and reinforcement learning techniques.
* Date : 2022/11/30 | |
| 2023/10/07 | 2023 Israel–Hamas war |
| An armed conflict between Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups and Israeli military forces broke out on 7 October 2023, with a Hamas attack on southern Israel, to which Israeli military forces retaliated with extensive strikes against targets in Palestine's Gaza Strip and a subsequent invasion of Gaza.
* Date : 2023/10/07 |